Literature Review on Stress and Stressors in Bangladesh

writings Review on render and Stressors in BangladeshA Critical Review on Stress Scenario in BangladeshJannatul FerdousIntroductionStress is a disruptive physiological and psychological reaction to events that make us scent vulnerable. A certain amount of idiom is a foreseeable part of life but piercing attempt tolerate hinder our daily activities. It may causes disintegration of general health, frustrations, depression, anxiety, hysteria, cardiovascular accidents, muscular aches and pains, insomnia, hypertension, risque blood pressure, pubic louses, sexual dysfunctions, allergies and other mental disorders (Rahman et al., 2012).Childhood cancers are increasingly becoming a weigh of growing apprehension. In Bangladesh, yearly 5000-6000 small fryren nurture been developing antithetic type of cancers. Diagnosis of a inveterate disease like cancer or coronary heart disease (CHD), and its treatment has a monolithic impact on all aspects of a patients life, their acquaintanc es and families. Sometimes these may cause slur traumatic try syndrome (PTSS) to the parents of the sufferer (Basher et al., 2012).Stress due to mental retardant is another significant rural area to focus. Parents experience epidemic physical and mental stress in the process of nurturing the mentally retarded children (Islam, Shanaz, Farjana 2013). Socio-demographic factors bunco a crucial role in stress and make out mechanisms (Siddiqui, 2014). Psycho-education can be effectual in alleviating somatic symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, and social dysfunction of exaggerated family members or burstergivers at a greater percentage (Ara Chowdhury, 2014).thither are some contradictory in research findings about the impact of age, sex, occupation, education, type of family, socio-economical status on stress. Differences in the design, s healthy and measures used in those studies also exist.The aim of this critical review is to understand the stress scenario in Bangladesh, their strengt hs and weakness in general.Method of ReviewA critical review was applied to look the stress scenario in Bangladesh. In order to find out the appropriate published literature for the genuine review, available journals for psychological research Bangladesh Psychological journal, Dhaka University Psychological Journal, Dhaka University Journal of Biological Science, and Google Scholar, were consulted. The cardinal words used in this literature search were stress, education, psychology and Bangladesh. A total of studies were initially found, but not all were appropriate for this review. Finally, a total of 5 original and well-nigh applicable published articles were incorporated for the review. These articles reflected studies conducted only in Bangladesh. Table 1 shows the studies with necessary information much(prenominal) as sample size, design, variables, and data analysis proficiencys.Table 1. Descriptions of the deliberateResultsStress and Cancer Cardiac PatientsRahman et a l. (2012) investigated the carriage toward stress of cancer and cardiac patients. They found that both cancer and cardiac patients expressed higher(prenominal) stress attitudes as compared to normal individuals. Regardless of gender and SES, cancer patients expressed higher stress attitude. In anguish of type of individual and SES, female patients expressed higher stress attitude than their male counterparts that is partially abet by Islam et al. (2013). They also found that lower mall SES subjects expressed higher stress attitudes than upper philia SES subjects despite of type of individual and gender which are consistent with the findings of Havik et al. (1986).Childhood Cancer Parents StressBasher et al. (2012) assessed the fervency of stress of the parents with a child anguishing from cancer. Their study may attempt to assess psychological misery and wager traumatic stress reactions among the parents. They found leukemia in the highest frequency among all age groups of t he sufferers. About 63.8% of the parents had certainly affected, 6.7% had badly affected due to the cancers of their children. 21.8% of the middle class parents (6-10 class educated, 31-40 years of age) with one child suffering from cancer in between 7-12 months, at the time of assessment, were found certainly and severely suffering from post traumatic stress syndrome (PTSS). These findings are partially supported by Siddiqui (2014).Mental Retardation Parents StressIn a study, Islam et al. (2013) found that parents of children with mental slowness (PCMR) shared greater stress make up than the parents of children with no mental retardation (PCNR). Mental stress score was significantly higher among PCMR. Moreover, mothers had significantly higher mental stress score than the fathers of mentally retarded children that is partially in consonance with the findings of Rahman et al. (2012) which indicated that female patients were more exaggerated in coping with stress than their male c ounterpart. Parents shared more mental stress than physical stress which was supported by Gupta, 2010. But the overall study suffers from adequate generalizations due to convenient selections of schools.Socio-demographic Profile of Families StressSiddiqui (2014) assessed the relation between various socio-demographic variables of families with mentally retarded children and stress. He found that mild to severe stress was perceived by the families of mental retardation. None of the families showed very severe stress.No statistical significance was found between family stress and affected childrens age, sex. Rahman et al. (2012) also reported no relation between stress and the sufferers gender. This may be due to rising information resources and amend in social attitude. But in a study Peshwaria (1995) have indicated significantly greater impact on parents due to having a misfire retarded child. As regards the age of the child, some studies have shown lower age of the retarded child to have significant relation with stress (Upadhyaya et al., 2008), while Peshwaria (1995) have shown more psychosomatic problems as the age of their child increases.In this study, no significant relation was found between childs severity of retardation and stress in the families that is supported by Upadhyaya et al. (2008). But Pisula Gorska (2002) indicated that parents of severe and profoundly retarded children have higher stress.Except maternal education, there were no significant relations between stress and mothers and fathers demographic variables. The solid ground behind the significant association of stress with maternal education may be because educated mothers can better understand the clinical aspect of their childs condition. This is consistent with findings of Behari (1995).Another finding of this study is that stress is not significantly related with the family variables (nuclear/joint family, SES, presence of sibling). In contrast, Rahman et al. (2012) found that l ower middle SES subjects expressed significantly higher stress attitude. Hornby (1994) shows that grandparental support decreases stress. Moreover, no significant difference was found in families with or without presence of siblings. But lower stress is reported by Leyser (1990) for higher number of siblings.Psycho-education StressAra Chowdhury (2014) investigated the impact of psychoeducational intrusion for care givers of children with autism. They found that care givers, who acknowledged psychoeducational interventions, showed significant decline in the score of mental health commotion on the general headquarters28 except severe depression than those who did not. That means psychoeducational intervention is effective in training the care givers to handle their children and in enhancing their quality of life. It may also be beneficial to insure with cancer cardiac patients, mentally retarded children.ConclusionsAccessible literature on stress reports mixed evidence. In the fir st two studies, purposive sampling technique was used, and data of cancer and cardiac patients were collected from different reliable sources. So, research findings can be generalized for entire population of our country. Purposive sampling technique was also used for collecting data from two special schools of autism of Dhaka city in the brook study. But the other two studies suffer from adequate generalization due to convenient sampling.Further ample studies are needed to conduct with a representative sample to determine more reliable information. both(prenominal) prospective and retrospective studies are required to enumerate the incidence and prevalence of unfavorable consequences in put allies of survivors. Information about possible late-effects and psychological supports need to be provided by the treatment care providers to the parents and survivors (Sloper, 2000). Familial support, social support, positive emotional regulation, self help networks etc. act as vindicatory shield during times of crisis. Apposite program may be facilitated to help people managing crisis and their stresses.ReferencesAra, J., Chowdrury, K. U. A. (2014, January). Impact of psycho-education on care giversmental health and perceived stress of children with autism. Dhaka University Journal ofBiological Science, 23(1), 39-45.Basher, M. A. R., Karim, M. R., Sultana, N., Hossain, K. J., Kamal, M. M. (2012). Parentsstress in childhood cancer. Bangladesh Medical Journal, 41(1).Behari, R. (1995). The maternal attitude- Child rearing link for mentally retarded children A wooing study. Disabilities and Impairments, 9, 44-51.Gupta, R. K., Kaur, H. (2010). Stress among Parents of Children with Intellectual Disability.Asia Pacific Disab. Rehab, 21(2), 119- 126.Havik, O. E., Maeland, J. G. (1986). Dimensions of verbal denial in myocardial infarction.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 27, 326-339.Hornby, G., Ashworth, T. (1994). Grandparents support for families who have children withdisabilities. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 3, 403-412.Islam, M. Z., Shanaz, R., Farjana, S. (2013, January). Stress among parents of children withmental retardation. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 12(1).Leyser, Y., Deckel, G. (1990). Stress in Parents of mentally Challenged Children. The Journalof Psychology,125(4), 251-254.Peshwaria, R. (1995). Understanding Indian Families having Persons with Mental Retardation.National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped (NIMH), Secundrabad.Pisula, E., Gorska, S. (2000). The childs intellectual deterioration and the parents marital quality.Studia Psychologiczne, 40, 87-106.Rahman, A., Ara, S., Haque, E., Shahrier, A. (2012). Attitude towards stress of cancer andcardiac patients. Journal of Life Earth Science, 7, 33-41.Siddiqui, A. F. (2014, October). Socio-demographic profile of families with mentally retardedchildren and its relation to stress. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 13(4).Sloper, P. (2000). Predictor s of distress in parents of children with cancer a prospective study.Journal of pediatric Psychology, 25(2), 79-91.Upadhyaya, G. R., Havalappanavar, N.B. (2008). Stress in Parents of the Mentally ChallengedJournal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34, 53-59.