Ap Biology Paper

August 20, 2012 AP biota Paper thing Daniel Gildenbrand Many scientists have contributed to the subjects of nature, phylogeny, medicine, and to the development of how tastes are executed. In this essay I will go over four scientists, their experiments, and how those experiments benefited the scientific community and the way of life we currently live our lives. These four scientists greatly contributed to in makeup and were arguably the greatest contributors to their field of study.First, we have Francesco Redi and his famous experiments challenging the old assumption that maggots underwentspontaneous generation, a theory most the formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms, and graphicly spawned from rotting meat. Redi disproved this theory with his experiments. In one of those experiments, Redi took three mathematical ag multitudes of jars in the starting signal jar of each group he lay an unkn accept object in the second, a executed fish and in the third, a rotting piece of meat.The first group of jars was left open with no lid, the second group was covered in a woven piece of gauze, so that only air could trace into the jar, and the third group was firmly sealed with a lid. After a few days of wait, Francesco noted that maggots appeared in the open jars where he maxim flies had landed. The group of jars covered with the gauze had maggots on top of the gauze because the flies could smell the rotting meat so they laid their ball there. Finally, he observed jars sealed with a lid had no maggots.With this experiment he disproved the theory of abiogenesis. His contribution to the scientific community did not repeal with just the results of his experiments as he was credited with the development of the controlled experiment. Controlled experiments changed the way we dole out experiments and greatly increased the accuracy of our results. The famous quote Omne vivum ex ovo ( every(prenominal) life comes from an egg) is co mmonly associated with Redis experiments. A great contributor to the field of medicine and microbiology was Louis Pasteur.He was famous for his experiments with micro-organisms and for inventing the S-flask, which is now of great use in scientific experiments. Louis experiments saved the silk industry, and solved problems with the manufacture of alcoholic drinks. Most burning(prenominal)ly, Pasteur invented the influence now known as pasteurization. While functional with the germ theory, which he bettered with his interrogation, Pasteur proved that micro-organisms such as bacteria were responsible in the ferment of alcoholic drinks such as beer and wine.He also detect that microbes where infecting silk worm testicle and advocated that only disease-free eggs should be selected, which saved the industry. Another one of Pasteurs accomplishments was when he confirmed the disproval of abiogenesis through his experiments. In the experiment, he put exposed boiled broth into two grou ps of S-flasks, which he invented to slow the growth of bacteria in test tubes. Then, he covered one of the groups of flasks with a filter designed to prevent any particles from entryway the tube.The other group was group of S-flasks was left alone (the S-flasks also only allowed a token(prenominal) amount of particles to enter the tube). He concluded that bacteria only grew in the flasks after they were broken open therefore, the microbes had to come from the outside, in the form of spores on dust particles. To counter the growth of these bacteria, he developed pasteurization which is a process that kills bacteria inside a liquid by heating plant then cooling the liquid. Pasteurization is now used just about anywhere beverages are manufactured to prevent any bacteria from entering the products.Finally, Louis Pasteurs arguably greatest contribution to science was bettering the concept of vaccination. When Pastuer was escapeing on a problem causing chickens to die from a compute r virus called chicken cholera on a farm, he exposed near of the healthy chickens to a weaker form of the virus. After returning from a month-long vacation, Louis discovered that the chickens did not die from the disease, like the others, but had actually grown immune to the disease and were completely healthy.He applied the same principle of vaccination to a quickly spreading epidemic called anthrax. Louis Pasteurs contributions to science were vast and if we gestate about it, his research has forever changed the way that we live our lives today. Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who was dubbed the father of evolution. His work included establishing the fact that all species descended from common sources and describing a process he called natural selection in which antithetical species struggled for life, difference only the ones that adapted better to survive.Darwin has often been called one of the most potent figures in human history. His work undoubtedly affected peoples view on life and his theory of evolution transformed the way we think about the natural world. Darwin collected his research from galore(postnominal) different places but his most influential research was gathered along his voyage on the Beagle. In 1831 Darwin tagged along the ship The Beagle on a survey voyage. When he got to the Galapagos Islands, he noticed that each island had similar finches that had their own distinctive features.He then noticed that these features corresponded with the environment that the birds lived in and what they had to hunt. He explained the part with the theories of evolution and natural selection. He stated that the finches had originated from a similar ancestor and had evolved their characteristics to adapt to each sub-environment on the islands. Then, by natural selection, the finches that were better suited for their environment where left to breed and thrive on the islands. This is what we would call today, natural selection of the fi ttest. What Darwin accomplished with his research is vital to the scientific community and what we learn today. His work explains why many things exist as they do and how some things came to be. Finally, we had Sir black lovage Fleming, who discovered the wonder do drugs penicillin. Fleming had discovered the worlds first anti-biotic, or bacteria killer. Penicillin is a drug that kills bacteria in many forms and is widely used in medicine and is essential in better infections. As important as penicillin may be, it was found in a very strange way.When Fleming was leaving his laboratory for a vacation, he had luxuriant all his cultures of staphylococci on a bench in a corner of his laboratory. When he returned, he started to show some of the try ons to his lab patron and randomly noticed that one of the samples had grown a mold. He archetype nothing of it until he also noticed that the mold had killed the staphylococci sample that was in the dish. Fleming saw that this mold had great potential. He spent some(prenominal) weeks growing more of the mold and, with the help of a colleague, he evaluate out that it was a Penicillium mold.He continued to run experiments with the mold and forecast out that it killed many different types of harmful bacteria. But the most important characteristic of the mold was that it did no harm to the human body. Since Fleming was not a chemist, he could not isolate the actual antibacterial element within the mold and use it as medicine. Later on though, two chemists by the names of Florey and Chain managed to make penicillin a usable product. Flemings denudation of penicillin greatly benefited the evolution of medicine and has been a vital asset in fighting bacteria and illness.Francis Redi, Louis Pasteur, Charles Darwin, and Alexander Fleming each greatly benefited the scientific community. Their research and discoveries allowed for great advancements in medicine, knowledge, and helped shine light on things previously unkno wn. Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur both(prenominal) disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. Charles Darwin changed the way we view species and the natural world with his theories of evolution and natural selection. Lastly, Alexander Flemings advanced field of medicine by discovering the miracle drug of penicillin.Whether it was by Darwin giving us new knowledge on the natural world or by Redi, Louis, and Pasteur pushing medicine further, these fours scientists greatly meliorate our lives and forever changed the way we live them. Bibliography Francesco Redi Meat and Maggots 1. Francesco Redi and Controlled Experiments. The Church and Science involution or Complement. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. . 2. Redi Experiment. Kent School District. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012.