Who Was the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius

Antoninus Pius was one of the so-called 5 good emperors of Rome. Although the piety of his sobriquet is associated with his actions on behalf of his predecessor (Hadrian), Antoninus Pius was compared with another pious Roman leader, the second king of Rome (Numa Pompilius). Antoninus was praised for qualities of clemency, dutifulness, intelligence, and purity. The era of the 5 good emperors was one where imperial succession was not based on biology. Antoninus Pius was the adoptive father of Emperor Marcus Aurelius and the adopted son of Emperor Hadrian. He ruled from A.D. 138-161. The Family of Antoninus Pius Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Antoninus Pius or Antoninus Pius was the son of Aurelius Fulvus and Arria Fadilla. He was born at Lanuvium (a Latin city southeast of Rome) on September 19, A.D. 86 and spent his childhood with his grandparents. Antoninus Pius wife was Annia Faustina. The title Pius was awarded Antoninus by the Senate. The Career of Antoninus Pius Antoninus served as quaestor and then praetor before becoming consul in 120 with Catilius Severus. Hadrian named him one of 4 ex-consuls to have jurisdiction over Italy. He was proconsul of Asia. After his proconsulship, Hadrian used him as a consultant. Hadrian had adopted Aelius Verus as heir, but when he died, Hadrian adopted Antoninus (February 25, 138 A.D.) in a legal arrangement that entailed Antoninus adoption of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (from then on Verus Antoninus) the son of Aelius Verus. At the adoption, Antoninus received proconsular imperium and tribunician power. Antoninus Pius as Emperor Upon taking office as emperor when his adopted father, Hadrian, died, Antoninus had him deified. His wife was titled Augusta (and posthumously, deified) by the Senate, and he was given the title Pius (later, also Pater Patriae Father of the Country). Antoninus left Hadrians appointees in their offices. Although he did not participate in person, Antoninus fought against the Britons, made peace in the East, and fought tribes of Germans and Dacians (see Map of the Empire). He dealt with rebellions of Jews, Achaeans, and Egyptians, and suppressed the pillaging Alani. He would not allow senators to be executed. The Generosity of Antoninus As was customary, Antoninus gave money to the people and the troops. The Historia Augusta mentions that he lent money at the low-interest rate of 4%. He founded an order for poor girls that was named after his wife, Puellae Faustinianae Faustinian Girls. He refused legacies from people with children of their own. Antoninus was involved in many public works and building projects. He built a temple of Hadrian, repaired the amphitheater, baths at Ostia, the aqueduct at Antium, and more. Death Antoninus Pius died in March 161. Historia Augusta describes the cause of death: after he had eaten too freely some Alpine cheese at dinner he vomited during the night, and was taken with a fever the next day. He died a few days later. His daughter was his principal heir. He was deified by the Senate. Antoninus Pius on Slaves A passage about Antoninus Pius from Justinian [Roman Slave Law and Romanist Ideology, by Alan Watson; Phoenix, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Spring, 1983), pp. 53-65]: [A]... rescript of Antoninus Pius which is recorded in Justinians Justinians Institutes:J. 1.8. 1: Therefore slaves are in the power of their masters. This power indeed comes from the law of nations; for we can see that among all nations alike masters have power of life and death over their slaves, and whatever is acquired through a slave is acquired for the master. (2) But nowadays, it is permitted to no one living under our rule to ill treat his slaves immoderately and without a cause known to the law. For by a constitution of the deified Antoninus Pius whoever kills his slave without cause is to be punished no less than one who kills the slave of another. And even excessive severity of masters is restrained by a constitution of the same Emperor. For when he was consulted by certain provincial governors about those slaves who flee to a holy temple or to a statue of the Emperor, he gave the ruling that if the severity of the masters seems intolerable they are compelled to sell their slaves on good terms, and the price is to be given to the owners. For it is to the advantage of the state that no one use his property badly. These are the words of the rescript sent to Aelius Marcianus: The power of masters over their slaves should be unlimited, nor should the rights of any persons be detracted from. But it is in the interest of masters that help against savagery or hunger or intolerable injury should not be denied to those who rightly entreat for it. Investigate, therefore, the complaints of those from the family of Julius Sabinus who fled to the statue, and if you find they were more harshly treated than is fair or afflicted by shameful injury, order them to be sold so that they do not return to the power of the master. Let Sabinus know that, if he attempt to circumvent my constitution I will deal severely with his behavior.

Overview of Canadian Aboriginal Women Trauma Caused by...

Colonialism is the main cause of trauma, intergenerational trauma, and marginalization of Canadian Aboriginal women who have lost their sense of health and wellness, which has led to countless disappearances and murders. Trauma can be defined as an â€Å"extreme, important event against a person’s body or self-concept† (Frideres, 2011, p. 80), and unless measures are taken to counteract the serious injury and harm caused by trauma it can result in the inability of a person to self-heal (Frideres, 2011). Trauma in Aboriginal people started happening over 500 years ago. This trauma is a result of cumulative emotional and psychological wounding resulting from massive group tragedies that have carried across generations (Wesley-Esquimaux †¦show more content†¦Ethnocide was a result of the changes brought by missionaries to cause religious transformation and cultural destruction. Without having access to economic resources after being stripped of their cultural prac tices, and their social structure being destroyed, Aboriginal people quickly became a marginalized group. Impoverishment, loss of any remaining control over their lives, degradation of the status of women, loss of the power of self-government, and re-education of Aboriginals in government-supported and Christian mission schools, are additional factors in causing the marginalization of this group (Wesley-Esquimaux Smolewski, 2004). Further marginalization took place in residential schools which operated from the 1800s until 1996. Aboriginal children were removed from their homes to be assimilated into â€Å"civilized culture†. Here many Aboriginals suffered from mental, sexual, spiritual, and physical abuse. Although colonizer began to strip the rights away from Aboriginal peoples early on, the residential schools continued to contribute to the profound impacts on the educational system, community, and the traditional family of the Aboriginal Nations (NWAC, 2010). Many childr en in residential schools lost anyShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael

Abortion Debate Essay - 968 Words

This essay is about the Abortion debates. I choose to write about this because of my personal views. The Abortion debate is one of the biggest debates in the United States. Many topics come up in the Abortion debates from both sides. I have 6 Points from both sides of the issue. The first point I would like to talk about is when is the fetus considered to be a human life? Pro-life thinks that life begins at conception, so abortion is akin to murder as it is to the act of taking a human life. Now the Pro-choice argues that most abortions take place in the first trimester of pregnancy when a fetus cannot exist independently. Both of the side is very strong points but I think Pro-choice has the stronger point. I think the law doesn’t allow†¦show more content†¦I think Pro-choice has the stronger point here. Adoption would be very hard for any woman. To just give your baby away after giving birth to it would have a lot of emotional and psychological pain. The fourth point is abortion safe for the women? Pro-life says no it’s not; an abortion can cause medical complications later in life for the woman. Pro-choice says that abortion is a safe medical procedure. They also say that less than 0.5 % of procedures have a risk of serious complications. The procedure also does not affect future pregnancies or future child birth. Pro-choice has the stronger point because there are a lot of woman that have had abortions at a young age and now have kids. Fifth point is the case of rape or incest in unwanted pregnancies. Pro-life says that in the case of rape and incest abortion is still not ok. If a woman is raped or impregnated by incest there is medical care that can ensure the woman will not become pregnant. They also say that the abortion is punishing the unborn child that did not commit any crime, that the person who committed the crime should be punished not the unborn child. Pro-life says forcing a woman who was impregnated by this violent act to have the baby would cause further psychological harm to the victim. Often women are too afraid to speak up about the situation or are unaware their pregnant, thus the morning after pill in ineffective inShow MoreRelatedThe Abortion Debate Essay1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of abortion is one of the most controversial topics affecting our society. The disagreement between for and against abortion has caused hundreds of fights that have even resulted in death. Regardless of what many individuals may accept, fetus removal is not right or off. It is a matter of individual assessment. Consequently, each one side can say with assurance that alternate isnt right. Accordingly the inquiry remains; should premature birth be lawful? Though many people may disagreeRead MoreEssay about The Abortion Debate706 Words   |  3 PagesThe Abortion Debate There are all kinds of people in the world, and we all have different opinions. In this report I am discussing abortion. You will read about the pros and cons of this subject. Some people think that abortion is wrong; they think that abortion is the killing of innocent children. Other people believe that the unborn child is not actually a human until it takes its first breath of air. Many people think that having an abortion is in a way, murderRead More The Debate Over Abortion Essay2024 Words   |  9 PagesWith the ongoing debate and the advancement of technology in determining the viability of a fetus, abortion, the ending of a pregnancy by removing a fertilized egg, has become increasingly controversial. The morality of abortion has caused many to separate into opposite sides of the spectrum, pro-life and pro-choice. The arguments over abortion has stirred a continuous debate between a pro-choice stance such as that presented by the analogical reasoning of Thomson or Glover’s examination of socialRead MoreAbortion: An Ethical Debate Which Will Never End Essay1849 Words   |  8 PagesAn ethical dilemma is a debate between two moral principles, where two sides can dispute about what is wrong or what is right. However, there is no real answer to an ethical dilemma. Is it a â€Å"simple† matter of what one believes in? The best answer would be , in ethics, it is not always simple. Ethics have a propensity to engage in moral reasoning, performing critical examination of different beliefs, in order to determine whether they should be accepted or rejected. Abortion is considered an ethicalRead MoreThe Abortion Debate Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pages No matter where you stand on the issue, abortion is a highly debated topic in today’s society. In this essay I will examine both sides of the abortion issue. I will begin with a brief overview of the abortion debate, to include the morality of the situation. Next I will discuss the Pro-Life argument. Lastly I will look at the Pro-Choice view. In the final analysis I will show how utilitarianism, altruism, and situational ethical views apply to abortion. Having in mind the extreme controversy surroundingRead MoreEssay about Anna Quindlen1208 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis Anna Quindlen describes in the essay Abortion is too Complex to Feel one Way About the different situation that we as a human race are put in everyday. She talks about the topic of abortion in a way that one feels they have had to make the decision of whether or not a person is pro-choice or pro-life. She uses references that are of different personal experiences in the essay that are vital to the audience. Quindlen is writing to state her point that one should never putRead More The Abortion Debate Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pages What is an abortion? 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Most would say that someone who has a more liberal view of the world is pro choice and someone who is more conservative is pro life. Although there may prove to be a correlation between political view and view on abortion, there are people in this world on both sides of the issue. Some support a woman’s right to choose abortion, while others think

Personal Prevention of Identity Theft Essay - 886 Words

Personal Prevention of Identity Theft Today in the United States there is a crime that every citizen faces having committed against them and that is the crime of identity theft. Identity theft is the theft of ones personal identifying information such as ones name, address, date of birth, credit card numbers, bank information, and most of all social security number (National Insurance Crime Bureau, 2000). With the modernization of our world it has became easier for would be identity thieves to commit their crime. There are many basic steps that one can do to help prevent themselves from becoming a victim of identity theft. Identity theft is a growing business in the United States. It is now the most common form of consumer†¦show more content†¦The most vital piece of personal information that one needs to protect is their social security number. Social security numbers exist for the purpose of tracking earnings and for paying benefits and was originally signed into existence by President Franklin Roosevelt. This was enacted so that federal agencies could use social security numbers for their record keeping systems and were not meant to be used by businesses as identifiers, but have taken on this role of identifiers because every person has their own unique number (Bruce, 2003). Because legally no one needs your social security number except government agencies, and a few businesses such as banks, one should be very careful in allowing anyone else to have it. The fact that each person has their own unique and different social security number is what makes is such a valuable piece of personal information. One must remember that the more people who see your social security number the more susceptible one becomes to identity theft (Bruce, 2003). Thus, the first and most important way to safeguard ones identity from theft is to protect ones social security number and to remember that by law very few businesses have the right to ask you for this number. One also must be diligent about protecting other personal information, such as credit card information and bank account information. The best ways to protect this type of information is to make sure that all records involving any type of personalShow MoreRelatedThe Prevention And Control Of Medical Identity Theft1441 Words   |  6 PagesThe Prevention and Control of Medical Identity Theft INTRODUCTION Identity theft is the fastest growing crime that continues to claim thousands of victims each year. It is the deliberate use of someone else s identity without their knowledge or consent to gain a financial advantage or obtain credit and other benefits in the other person s name, and perhaps to the other person s disadvantage or loss. 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Analysis Of Adam Smith s The Darkness - 1226 Words

As he clung to the piece of driftwood, praying for daylight, the wind howls in the darkness. Adam Baker, a twenty one year old college student, has just escaped death from a plummeting Cessna Citation private jet on its way to La Paz, Mexico. No one knows if there any survivors still floating in the darkness. A few hours earlier Adam had packed his small carry on item for his hour and a half plane ride to La Paz, Mexico from San Diego, California. Adam had been joined by his best friend and college roommate John Stevens. They whistled for a cab outside their hotel, they climbed in and drove off to San Diego executive airport where their private plane was waiting. They arrived minutes before takeoff, as a result of the stand still traffic†¦show more content†¦Adam suddenly awoke from the Captain ordering them to buckle up and stay calm. Adam and John were dazed and confused, they clicked their seatbelts and held on. The Captain hailed for a mayday call, but it was too late, t he plane was plunging extraordinarily fast into the dark Pacific Ocean. Adam was jolted when the plane began to free fall, he held on and within seconds everything went black. Minutes Later he awoke on a piece of debris. John rescued his lifeless body from the cabin of the plane and dragged it onto a piece of shrapnel that was floating in the water. John continued to search the sinking plane. Adam slowly regains consciousness, with a vague voice hollering for John. Adam saw John father bobbing up and down on the surface. John realized what Adam was trying to tell him and frantically swam over to his father s body. John was horrified by his father s body, it was mutilated by shrapnel from the plane, He had a three foot pole jammed clean through his head. In addition, he was missing his left leg, and had multiple gruesome gashes on his torso. John s father had died on impact. Adam laying helplessly on the piece of debris saw his mutated body and immediately felt grief. Adam and John j oined together on the debris, John let his dad go as his lifeless body slowly sank to his final resting place. They sat there absorbing all of what has just happened, and wondered how could anything go wrong so fast. One moment

Concept of E-Commerce Company in Singapore Sample for Students

Question: Discuss about the Concept of E-Commerce Company in Singapore. Answer: Introduction E-commerce has reduced the period to a considerable amount, which was never possible with the traditional form of shopping. It has not only provided solutions to the business companies but also helped the customers by providing them some form of business opportunities. The kinds of business involved in the e-commerce is strongly captivating the minds of all such as the government, the organizations and the local customers (Barnes and Hunt 2013). The main purpose of this assignment is to check the efficiency of the Lazada Company, which is based in Germany. It is an e-commerce Company and is continually exiting about having an entry into some other potential market. The chosen market for the Company would be China. Rocket Internet laid down the foundation of the Company in the year 2011. Ever since its inception, it is continually engaged rapid evolution of the business. This is because of the fact that the Company has now its operational sites also in some other parts of world such as Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia and Philippines (Lazada.sg, 2017). The main purpose of the assignment is to check the competitiveness of the Lazada in Singapore. Moreover, it would also check the potentiality of the Company for the entrance into the Chinese market. Nevertheless, it would also enquire the threats of its competitors in the Chinese market. Value Chain of Lazada The understanding of customer behaviour and the market hold of Lazada have also attracted giant companies from other parts of world such as Tesco of UK. The slumping benefits of the Company in UK have forced them to think of some other parts of world. The Company is not that much a success in the South-East Asia market. This is because of the fact that the Company is interested in operating with Lazada to have success in their business in the Asian market. The motivational approach of Lazada has also attracted the giant Company Tesco. The Lazada believes in delivering as the Amazon of the Asian countries. Despite of all the success, which Lazada is bagging to its credit, it is very difficult to calculate the level of success for the Company in the coming future. The Company is engaged in investing a huge amount in constructing the supply chains, reliable services of delivery and warehouses. However, Lazada is adding value to its products by producing some significant approaches such as one-stop shopping destination, secured mode of shopping and accessible shopping. Apart from all the local and international brands, it also has some products that are exclusive to the Lazada. It adds value to the products by providing an easily accessible mode of shopping (Da Costa 2016). The Company as stated earlier is adding values to its products by also understanding the behaviour of customer. The multiple options for the payment is also another point that is adding values to its manufacturing and services. The payment such as credit card, cash on delivery and PayPal are all part of the shopping from Lazada. Interestingly, in Singapore, this is one of those companies, which are offering the facility of cash on delivery payment to the customers. The cash on delivery payment is widely popular among the customers that do more shopping on the e-commerce platforms. Lazada has even performed well in those parts of the world where others do struggle such as Philippines and Indonesi a. This is because of the fact that there are several barriers to the logistical operation in such countries. Lazada; however, have found solution to the problem with its unique and complex chain of supply. The seamless planning to achieve a great supply chain has made this Company able in hitting hard in the market. Supply chain is such a problem that has the potential to hamper the business of any organization (Jusoh and Ling 2012). Key Competencies of the Company Key competencies are those factors that are proving wonderful in favour if its bearer. Few years older, Company Lazada has already left a huge influence of its performance in the market. The Company is performing up to the potential level. The intention of the Company is sky high as they are aimed to achieve the status of Amazon in the Southeast Asia market. The performance of the Company has made this one of the top performing retail companies in the market where it presently exists (Schniederjans, Cao and Triche 2013). Unlike other parts of world such as China, US and India, Southeast Asian parts are less developed in terms if e-commerce success. However, the countries are slowing holding their grip in the market. Initially, China, USA and India were not as successful as now; however. With the passage of time, things have been changed now. It is an undeniable fact that the Southeast Asian parts would also grow in terms of their e-commerce business. Following are some of the factors that are contributing in the success story of the Lazada Company: Cash On Payment - This is one of the factors behind the success of Lazada Company, which is not the part of many companies. Cash on delivery is the widely popular mode of payment that has captivated the minds of customers. Customers prefer more to pay on cash. This might be because of the fact that they believe this to be safest options. This is one term related to the traditional form of shopping where one is needed to pay the amount only after the commencement of shopping. However, this modern form of shopping has not only eased the life but has also reduced the time level for the shopping. Anything, which offers time effective operation, is well worth for those that have tough schedules (Pardalos and Tsitsiringos 2013). Supply Chain This is one of the most vital factors for working into the Southeast Asia especially in Indonesia and Philippines. Many companies in past have failed in maintaining a healthy supply chain in those part. However, Lazada has exceptionally performed well in that regard. The seamless performance of the company in the management of supply chain has contributed huge in the success of the Company just within the span of short time. They have focussed a huge on maintaining a flawless supply chain management, which has also resulted in wonder for the Company. The logistics management of the Company have also contributed huge as the results show that almost 50 to 60 percent of the orders are coming from the big cities that are outside (Niranjanamurthy et al. 2013). Sophisticated Online Experience The one important point, which is keeping Lazada apart from most of the e-commerce companies in the Southeast Asia part is their unmatched online shopping experience. Its competitors such as Zalora are basically just an online platform for fashion designing costume and accessories. However, Lazada is more like an online mall that provides easy operation from just the point of clicking to the entire shopping experience. This is one thing, which has helped the Company in gaining much success in this part of the world, as people here are very much available on the internet. Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia are some of the potential places for the online shopping. Other companies have failed in penetrating the two potential online places such as Indonesia and Philippines (Kou 2013). Lazada has used its expertise in the Singapore market to capture the dominion here again like other part of the Southeast Asian countries. Unlike other countries of the Southeast Asian part, Singapore is one of the most established markets. When Lazada headed to the Singapore market, they just mentioned that the intention is to increase the area of business not to capture the market. The strategy is very effective in its own area as it provides a long-term success planning of the company in the Singapore market. To maintain the competitiveness in the Singapore market, Lazada has planned something different. The Company is planning to tie hands with the leading e-commerce Company of China Alibaba. The plan is to utilise the largest shopping platform of Alibaba with the special dedicated website link from the Lazada. This would help Lazada in proving the same dominion in the Singapore market. Moreover, the success would encourage them for some other potential market such as China. Laza da is adding its expertise in the feather of one of the largest e-commerce companies of the world. The trick has worked for the Company in Singapore as it has emerged out as one of the leading brands in the e-commerce companies in Singapore (Gangeshwer 2013). External Environment of the Chosen market The market of choice for the Lazada Group is China, which attracts the participation of bulk number of outside companies into the market. China is the second largest retail market of the world and one of the largest markets for e-commerce. However, it would not be an easy business for the Company the external environment in China is very challenging. Moreover, the country is also featuring some of the worlds most powerful e-commerce companies such as Alibaba Group. The choice of country for Lazada is China because of several factors such as some that are mentioned below (ChinaAbout.net, 2017): PESTEL analysis of a new market Political The political environment in China is stable not like other parts of world such as India and Pakistan where the flourishing of any companies depend heavily on the political condition (Niranjanamurthy and Chahar 2013). Economy The economy of the country is undoubtedly one of the strongest in the world. Arguably, both China and India are the emerging giants in terms of economy. This is one of such factors, which have attracted bulk participation of a long list companies to this part of world. Walmart is one of such examples, which was attracted towards the growing economy of the country. The profit of the Company was slumping to the lower position in its home country. This was another factor, which has compelled the Company in attracting towards the Chinese market. However, the Company never gained any high success in the market because of the strategy, which it had outlines for the Chinese market. Nevertheless, the Chinese market has not stopped attracting foreign companies (Pt Joseph 2015). Social The e-commerce market is already towards the developing area, which is making this as one of the most suitable places for enhancing the business of the e-commerce companies. People here have significant passion for the online for of shopping. This is something that makes this attractive for the foreign companies. The socio-cultural lifestyle of the people and their love for the online form of shopping has contributed great in the success of Alibaba Group in China. Another most important factor is the rate of literacy in China, which is almost equal to 92.8%. This is something that speak about the potentiality of the e-commerce market in China (Segovia, Szczepaniak and Niedzwiedzinski 2013). Technology Technology is an integral part of China, which has even challenged the dominion of the United States through rejecting the usage of Goole search engine in China. In place of this, they have imposed and introduced their own online search engine Baidu, which is providing an alternative solution to the Google platform. The duplication of major Smartphones such as of Samsung does present the rate of efficiency of the Chinese technology. China is one of the most powerful countries in terms of technological advancements (Iddris 2012). Environmental Environmentally, the country is less safe as it has some problems that are significant. The shortage of water, varied climate at the different regions, natural disasters such as flood and less efficient carbon technology are some of the environmental related problems that are a problem for the foreign companies. These all are the problems for the labour or employees, as they might not enjoy these differences (Fernie and Sparks 2014). Legal The local government rules and regulations are less in favour to the outside companies as it pretends to support the local companies more. They tend to allocate the good locations to the local companies for fostering their growth. This indeed forces the foreign companies to suffer. Despite of this problem, another problem in the country is with the state union that tends to oppose the businesses of outside companies. High labour costs are other very important factor that tends to reduce the profit margin of a Company (Bing 2013). Porters Five Forces Competition analysis of the Chinese e-commerce market is as follows: Rivalry within the e-commerce market The rivalry in the e-commerce market in China is medium because of the fact that the intention of companies is more towards attracting the participation of customers. The companies are not directly attracted towards achieving the market shares of competitor companies by doing some extensive marketing of the products. This is because of the fact that a fierce competition in between the companies is less. The highly growing market of B2C has attracted the interests of companies towards adding new customers (Huang, Yoon and Benyoucef 2012). Power of suppliers The power of suppliers in China are low because of three important reasons. All the peoples those who are thronging to the website platform for the shopping, they are usually inclined towards products with the same offers. This means that they are in some terms not brand specific, which makes this clear that the role of supplier is not unique. Another reason behind the facts is the switching cost, which is low for the B2C companies. This means that the rate of switching to other supplier is not expensive. The importance of B2C companies in China is another reason that reduces the power of supplier. They are actually very significant customers of the suppliers. Suppliers cannot afford to break their relationships with these companies (Aydin and Kahraman 2012). Power of customers The power of customers is medium in the China because of four reasons that are very effective in maintaining a healthy balance in between the e-commerce companies and the dominion of customers. B2C websites used to have customers at the most scattered level that purchases any good alone by being on the available platform. The bargaining power is medium because of the fact that the purchasing does not happen in bulk amount. It rather happens when a single customer wants to buy something. The third reasons behind the fact are the growing popularity of the e-commerce market in China, which shatters any sort of threat from the sight of e-commerce companies. One of the most effective reasons behind the fact is the individual buying habit of customers. The shopping happens for individual person not for the entire group. The habit of group shopping would have threatened the power of e-commerce companies in China (Camarinha-Matos, Afsarmanesh and Rabelo 2013). Threat of substitutes Threat of substitutes is higher for the e-commerce companies as price-effective offerings by some other platform can overturn the participation of customers towards the offerings. In this context, the C2C form of shopping is also growing in its popularity, which is a threat for the B2C companies in the Chinese market. C2C is an unofficial kinds of shopping, which is indeed not safe but effective in moulding the costumers towards the offerings. In this platform, other customers tend to offer products at unbelievable prices (Sudhamathy and Jothi Venkateswaran 2012). Threat of new entrants Threat of new entrants in the Chinese market is very high because of the following reasons (Monteiro, Swatman and Tavares 2013): B2C website opening attracts less capital investment Existing C2C websites such as Taobao can enter into the market with their set customer base Distribution channels can be with anyone such as B2B, B2C and C2C which is indeed not a personal property of any Company SWOT analysis Strengths No barriers to market entry Availability of skilled employees Dominion performance in the domestic market Weaknesses Production success in future Market size expansion in the coming future Opportunities Increasing income level Enhancing economy power Threats Inflating tax rates Rules of governments Changing prices Table 1: SWOT analysis of Lazada Source: (Created by Author) One of the main strengths of the Company is their increasing economy, which is dedicated to their unique logistic and supply chain management. However, they seriously lacks in terms of government rules and regulations, which put them under notable pressures. Changing prices of the products is also one of their problems, which is like a constraint to them (Loo 2012). Top 3 ecommerce companies and Lazada Tmall of Alibaba, 360Buy.com and Suning.com are consecutively the top three market shareholders in the Chinese market. Tmall, which is the market leader, has everything from Lamborghinis to panties of lace. It also features competitive B2C brands at its platform. These three of the e-commerce brands have dominated the Chinese market. Of the entire mentioned brand, Tmall is the dominating brand followed by 360Buy.com. The one thing, which is common in between the supremacy of both the Tmall and the 360Buy.com, is their legacy to display a wide range of products o the platform (Hajli 2014). If Lazada in the Southeast part of the Asian countries considered being in competition with the mentioned top rival companies, it would certainly put a tough challenge to those companies. This is because of the fact that Lazada in the Southeast Asian parts tends to have the same format of online facilities such as the availability of all kinds of domestic, international and other competitors brands. Rate of new entrants is high in China, which is supportive to the Lazada Company. However, threat of substitute can anytime pose challenges in front of Lazada in China (Frackiewicz and Grzesiuk 2013). Mode of entry The first point of recommendation for the Lazada would be to reduce the threat of substitutes in China by opening up options for price fluctuation in the products verily depending on the market demand. This would help in holding the customers in odd situations also. The second point of recommendation would be to have a good relationship with the state run union, which is helpful for experiencing a healthy business practising in the country. The last point of recommendation would be for the management of a healthy logistic and supply chain as this ensures a healthy flow of products, which is important for meeting up with the instant requirement of customers. Conclusion E-commerce is a growing concept in some of the worlds potential market such as China, India and USA. The growth has provided another form of shopping, which never existed. However, the trend in itself is conflicting as C2C is also growing with its dominion. Nevertheless, the coming future would produce a healthy competition in between the different concepts of e-commerce. Lazada is a growing prospect for the entire world and a solution for the time saving options of shopping. References Aydin, S. and Kahraman, C., 2012. Evaluation of e-commerce website quality using fuzzy multi-criteria decision making approach.IAENG International Journal of Computer Science,39(1), pp.64-70. Barnes, S. and Hunt, B. eds., 2013.E-commerce and v-business. Routledge. Bing, C., 2013.Erfolgsfaktoren im Business-to-Consumer-E-Commerce(Vol. 38). Springer-Verlag. Camarinha-Matos, L.M., Afsarmanesh, H. and Rabelo, R. eds., 2013.E-business and Virtual Enterprises: managing business-to-business cooperation(Vol. 56). Springer. ChinaAbout.net. 2017. Competitive analysis of Chinese E-Commerce Industry with Porter's Five Forces model (1980) - ChinaAbout.net. [online] Available at: https://www.chinaabout.net/competitive-analysis-chinese-e-commerce-industry-porters-forces-model-1980/ [Accessed 15 Apr. 2017]. Da Costa, E., 2016.Global e-commerce strategies for small businesses. Mit Press. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Frackiewicz, E. and Grzesiuk, A., 2013. Model of the SMEs internationalization through e-commerce. Preliminary verification and development of the model.International Journal of Management Cases,15(2), pp.59-76. Gangeshwer, D.K., 2013. E-commerce or internet marketing: A business review from Indian context.International Journal of u-and e-Service, Science and Technology,6(6), pp.187-194. Hajli, M.N., 2014. A study of the impact of social media on consumers.International Journal of Market Research,56(3), pp.387-404. Huang, Z., Yoon, S.Y. and Benyoucef, M., 2012. Adding social features to e-commerce. InProceedings of the Conference on Information Systems Applied Research ISSN(Vol. 2167, p. 1508). Iddris, F., 2012. Adoption of E-Commerce solutions in small and medium-sized enterprises in Ghana.European journal of business and management,4(10), pp.48-57. Jusoh, Z.M. and Ling, G.H., 2012. Factors influencing consumers attitude towards e-commerce purchases through online shopping.International Journal of Humanities and Social Science,2(4), pp.223-230. Kou, W. ed., 2013.Payment technologies for e-commerce. Springer Science Business Media. Lazada.sg. 2017. Lazada Singapore Company Profile, History, COD. [online] Available at: https://www.lazada.sg/about/?boost=1 [Accessed 15 Apr. 2017]. Loo, B.P., 2012.The E-society. Nova Science Publishers. Monteiro, J., Swatman, P.M. and Tavares, L.V. eds., 2013.Towards the Knowledge Society: ECommerce, EBusiness and EGovernment The Second IFIP Conference on E-Commerce, E-Business, E-Government (I3E 2002) October 79, 2002, Lisbon, Portugal(Vol. 105). Springer. Niranjanamurthy, M. and Chahar, D.D., 2013. The study of e-commerce security issues and solutions.International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering,2(7). Niranjanamurthy, M., Kavyashree, N., Jagannath, S. and Chahar, D., 2013. Analysis of e-commerce and m-commerce: advantages, limitations and security issues.International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering,2(6). Pardalos, P.M. and Tsitsiringos, V. eds., 2013.Financial engineering, E-commerce and supply chain(Vol. 70). Springer Science Business Media. Pt Joseph, S.J., 2015.E-commerce: An Indian perspective. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Schniederjans, M.J., Cao, Q. and Triche, J.H., 2013.E-commerce operations management. World Scientific Publishing Co Inc. Segovia, J., Szczepaniak, P.S. and Niedzwiedzinski, M. eds., 2013.E-commerce and Intelligent Methods(Vol. 105). Physica. Sudhamathy, G. and Jothi Venkateswaran, C., 2012. Fuzzy temporal clustering approach for e-commerce websites.International Journal of Engineering and Technology,4(3), pp.119-132.

Cultural Diversity Conflicts and Challenges

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Diversity for Conflicts and Challenges? Answer: Introduction: The Various beliefs, behaviors and traditions that are practiced by certain communities and are passed from generation to generation are referred to as cultural. The changes taking place in the culture since the ancient times to the present times are known as cultural diversity. Since the decades, there has been some of changes in the culture in various fields be it be education, health, personal relations or work. (Singh, 2015)As our world is very large so is it diverse if the world has been as small as a village then we would have known how diverse our co-workers, neighbors, and friends are. As the time is changing with the invention of new technologies the whole world is brought to our desktop, different countries are importing and exporting, and staff is hired from all over the world so that the diversity can be better served. It is due to the globalization that different countries are carrying on their operations at international levels. (Keith Newstrom, 2010) Though operating a business in the different countries is very attractive and profitable since it is a very tough job to operate a business in different country because of various cultural differences, present in those countries. The cultural differences can interfere with the successful completion of the goals of the organization. When there is a difference in race, religion, caste, language and sexual orientation in the community it is termed as Cultural diversity. If in a community, there are members from the different groups it is termed as Cultural diversity. Challenges involved in Cultural Diversity: There are various challenges involved in the culturally diverse economy. Some of the challenges of cultural diversity are as follows: Communication Barriers: There are communication barriers in a culturally diverse economy which create the issues like confusion, low morale and lack of team work. When there is the difference in the age and gender, it influences the messages which are sent and received.(Kerwin, 2010) Successful communication is hampered due to the presence of these communication barriers. Some of the common communication barriers are: Virtual work: There is a lack of clarity in case of virtual work because the people are unable to have a face to face interaction and isolates the members. Gender: Men and women use different styles of explaining things to each other. Emotions: Due to emotions some people are unable to express themselves clearly. Resistance to change: One of the most important and well known challenges of the cultural diversity is the resistance to change. (Migiro, 2010)The challenge of resistance to change occurs when: The people are not ready to accept new rules and policies They are unwilling to spend their efforts and time on the change They have the attitude that they have always been doing the things in the same way. People are scared of failure, and they are not ready to adapt new things They are unable to understand what exactly is expected from them. Socio-cultural factors: There are various Socio-cultural factors which often act as a challenge. Some of the socio-cultural factors are: The way one is raised from the birth often gives them certain beliefs and those beliefs might be different from the beliefs of the other. The behavior one develops from the birth is not easy to change as one is not familiar with the background of the other. Education, age and Gender: The level of challenge is also of the challenge faced in todays diverse world. The effective communication is often impacted by the different levels of education. People may find it difficult to communicate with different Age groups people as the words used by the older people may be different from the words or phrase of younger people.(Gay, 2003) As men and women often think differently so the thinking of different gender is also a challenge. Overcoming the Barriers to Cultural Diversity: The challenges that are faced in the culturally diverse economy can be overcome by following ways: Careful selection: The selection of the employees shall be based on few characteristics. Pre- departure training: Whenever any person is sent to a different country he shall be well trained before being departed about the language, culture of the particular country. Orientation and support in the new country: The employee and his family shall be helped by the organization after their arrivals like transportation and housing(Newstrom., 1977) Incentives and guarantees: various incentives and Guarantees shall be offered to the people so that they are not reluctant to change and accept the change easily. Conclusion: There is a lot of importance of cultural diversity these days. The cultural diversity shall be understood at every phase and diversity shall be monitored and controlled as there are equal rights of all the people. References Gay, K. (2003). Cultural Diversity: Conflicts and Challenges. Scarecrow Press, 2003. Keith, D., Newstrom, J. W. (2010). Human Behavior at work. McGraw Hill. Kerwin, B. (2010). Cultural Diversity: Issues, Challenges, and Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, 2010. Migiro, S. (2010, July 29). Leader. Retrieved March 15, (2016), from Leader,co.Za.: https://www.leader.co.za/infocentrearticle.aspx?s=5c=15a=2143p=2 Newstrom. (1977). Organizational Behavior - Page 518. McGraw Hill. Singh, D. (2015). Managing Cross -cultural Diversity: Issues and Challenges in Global Organizations. IOSR Journal Of Mechanical and Civil Engineering. , 43-50.