Essay examples --

1. Describe the difference between public right and private jurisprudence, including the difference between criminal fair play and tort law.The difference between public law and private law is that each govern two different types of individuals. Public law deals with citizens, companies, and state issues. mysterious law deals with contracts and obligations. This is the main difference between these two laws, but they also differentiate in the laws they obtain. For example public law has constitutional law, administrative law and criminal law. As for private law has civil law which includes contract law, law of torts and property law. Criminal law is the how the criminal is going to be punished, with all a fine of a certain amount or jail time. Tort law is similar in punishment to the criminal, but the punishment is requital to the person who was injured in the crime for injuries and damages that may have occurred. 2. List the reasons muckle commit crimes, and why they do not.P eople commit crimes because it is a choice they make, but all their choices come with an reason and motive. They may commit a crime because of their own personal self-interest and based on how they testament avoid acquiring caught. The environment they live in may cause interest in committing crimes also. There are people who get tired of getting stepped on and never seem to achieve societys expectations therefore they do crime to obtain a self-rewarding achievement. Being poor and not having capital to provide for themselves or their families may cause a moment of stress leading that person to steal money. The reason why a lot of people do not commit crimes is because they are satisfied with the life they live in. For example life may not be one hundred share great, but they... ...eing arbitrary and oppressive over them. 6. Discuss the meaning of the phrase nulla poena sine lege.Nulla poena sine lege refers to the meaning that no one should be punished for doing something that the law does not prohibit. There are four types of nulla poena sine lege which are praevia, scripta, certa and stricta. Praevia states that there should not be any punishment without previous law. Scripta states that there should not be no punishment without any written law. Certa states that there should be no punishment without a definite law, meaning that the punishment must be delimit first. Stricta states that there should be no punishment without the strict law. Nulla poena sine lege helps by protecting those who could be convicted and punished when no laws exists. It also helps by preventing the creation of red-hot laws to punish for past action and behaviors.

Anchee Mins Katherine: A Lesson In Survival :: Anchee Min Katherine Essays

Anchee Mins Katherine A Lesson In Survival Born in Shanghai, China, in 1957, under the rule of Chairman Mao, Chinas communist leader, Anchee Min followed the teachings of Mao (Book Reporter). In 1974, she worked at a labor camp for some time. In 1984, she came to America, and by 1994 her memoir, Red Azalea, became an international bestseller (book jacket). Katherine, her first novel, was published in 1995. Mins Katherine has been called by a Vogue reviewer, a powerful lesson in survival (book jacket). We see the central character and narrator, Zebra Wong, face umteen tribulations and, in the end, come out the survivor. Zebra is twenty-nine years of age, unmarried, and living in Shanghai with her parents and brother. In her native China, the Cultural Revolution has just come to an end, but many of her peers and fellow countrymen are still heavily influenced by the teachings of Chairman Mao Zedong and his administration. Revealing intimate details close to her past, piece by pie ce, Zebra evokes suppressed feelings I didnt want to take a thing with me, not even my clothes. Anything that could possibly be a reminder of what happened, I discarded(16). With these vague indications of something worthless having happened to her, slowly Zebras past becomes clear. Katherine, the title character, is a teacher from America who has come to China to teach students the English language, and along the way gives Zebra and her classmates a perceive of freedom. She is a foreigner referred to by Zebra as one of the foreign imperialist we were taught to shoot(3). Even so, through Katherines guidance and benevolence, we learn more about Zebras past. Zebra opens up to her in a way she never has before. She tells Katherine that she used to work at Elephant Fields, a dangerous labor camp that frightened Zebra, where she was direct to the work with dynamite. I witnessed several fatal accidents on the job and I began to feel very scared(81). Not only was Elephant Fields a perilous place to work, but her boss seduced and raped her (81). At the labor camp, Zebra discovers that she is carrying the child of the man that abused her. With Chinas strict ideas on a pregnant womans life without marriage, In China, any woman who got pregnant before marriage destroyed her future(82), Zebras strong desire not to bear Mr.

Personal Narrative: Goodbye My Best Friend Essay -- essays research pa

adieuIt is amazing how many things we take for granted. We make plans for the daytime, and dont study twice about how those plans can be taken away in the blink of an eye. I neer thought much about it myself, until I was approach with the shock, and undeniable truth of my cousins death. I dont think anyone really thinks about tragedy until they are actually confront with shocking news.It was a bright and warm spend morning when I woke from a good night sleep. Nothing prepared me for the dark, gloomy and sad day ahead of me. You see, this was the day that my cousin and childhood outgo friend passed away in an auto accident.Bright, intelligent, loving and caring 16 year old, these are terminology to describe her but let me to you how I seen her. From as early as I can remember her and I we... Personal Narrative Goodbye My Best Friend Essay -- essays research paGoodbyeIt is amazing how many things we take for granted. We make plans for the day, and dont think twi ce about how those plans can be taken away in the blink of an eye. I never thought much about it myself, until I was faced with the shock, and undeniable truth of my cousins death. I dont think anyone really thinks about tragedy until they are actually faced with shocking news.It was a bright and warm summer morning when I woke from a good night sleep. Nothing prepared me for the dark, gloomy and sad day ahead of me. You see, this was the day that my cousin and childhood best friend passed away in an auto accident.Bright, intelligent, loving and caring 16 year old, these are words to describe her but let me to you how I seen her. From as early as I can remember her and I we...

Essay --

Nuclear cleverness comes from the nucleus of an atom.The source, or fuel, of nuclear postal code is most commonly Uranium 235 Nuclear energy potful be converted into electricity, as a secondary energy source, which flows through power lines and other sources to be transmitted to your home.Fission means to disjointed apart. Inside the nuclear reactor, uranium atoms be split apart in a controlled chain reaction. A slow neutron can be captured by a uranium-235 nucleus, and leave it unstable when undergoing nuclear fission. If a neutron goes too fast, it will not be captured in the nucleus, so neutrons must be slowed down to increase their adventure to the captured in the reactors. The pressurized water reactor is better to the environment than the boiling water reactor because more of pressurized water reactor is enclosed in a containment structure, which produces slight radiation to the surrounding area.Uranium is found in uranium mines.Searching for uranium is some time easier to find than for other mineral resources because the radiation signature of uraniums dissolution products allows deposits to be recognized and charted from the air.The energy released by the fission that takes place in a nuclear reactor is converted and generated into electricity.Both fission and fusion are actively used in providing power for the missions in space. They create higher velocities that increase the speed of rockets. Nuclear energy can be used by archaeologists, geologists and anthropologists in defining the age of rocks, insects, etc.It can be used in the treatment of cancer through the use of radiotherapy. Nuclear Energy can also be used in Food and Agriculture, Sterilization, Tracing Pollutants, Detecting Leaks in Pipelines, and Power Sources.http//ww... ... energy than what the lasers originally shot at the target.Preparing for a regular(prenominal) fusion reaction takes weeks, but the reaction is completed in less than one-billionth of a second. At the core of the reaction, the impel is 150 billion times atmospheric pressure. The density and temperature of the plasma created is nearly three times that at the center of the Sun, Omar Hurricane wrote.Does not emit greenhouse gasesCreates a huge amount of energy in small amounts of fuelCan commonly find the fuel to use fusionDoes not emit as much radiation as fissionWe confusent been able to have a controlled reaction be able unleash huge amounts of energy on earth. We need to have a reaction where we get more energy from fusion than how much energy we need to create it. It only occurs at extremely high pressure and temperatures. Reaction lasts a very short time.

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet :: Shakespeare Hamlet Sanity

Hamlet To Be Insane or Not To Be Insane That Tis The Question          With in Hamlet, Shakespeare gives a mental dimension to thethouoghts and do workions of each of his characaters, exspecially hamlet.Shakespeare gives the reader an indepth look into the mind of Hamlet.  Ifshakespeare had not given the reader the complex psychological state of Hamlet,then yes one could say Hamlet was insane, but Shakespeare did.  He made surethat there was an explanation, logical reason for all of his actions. Hamlet, atthe real least was sane.  In the play Hamlet was percieved as being mad, butthere was a just cause.  The symbolic meaning of Hamlets actions are theunderlining meaning for his unconscious(p) motivation toward his actions.  Thismeans that Hamlet, maybe not knowing it at the time, would logically justify hisactions.  For example in act III, Hamlet said to Ophelia           You shou ld not incur believed me          for virtue bungholenot so inoculate our          old stock but we shall relish of it.          I love you not. ... Get thee          to a nunnery...Go thy ways to a nunnery.          (Sc.I 125) Here we can see that Hamlet had told Ophelia earlier in the scene how deeply heloved her, but here he has changed completely, saying that he had never lovedher.  With in this quote he slips in that Ophelia should go to a nunnery.  Thisis his just cause for his maddness.  He tries to get Ophelia to forget him andgo to the nunnery so that she can be safe, and away from all his troubles thatwould soon come.  Here we see his justcause as well as his foreshadowing forthings to come. Like many Princes, Hamlet has been highly educated in Whittenburg, England.Here he has learned to think logically and not to act or think on  impulse.This is why the reader sees Hamlet talkling  to himself.  In act III we seehamlet debating over ideas and problems out loud.  The most obvious one is inhis To Be  soliloquy.          To be, or not to be, that is the          question  Whether tis nobler in          the slings and arrows of out-          rageous fortune.... to decompose - to          sleep No more. (Sc.I 65) Here we can see Hamlet debating with his inner self.  Should I exsist or not?ShouldI sleep or not.  Hamlet argues with his inner consious on the fact that ifhe should die and leave his troubles or live and fight his troubles.  this isnot to be classified as maddness, for he challenges his self for life, not an

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet :: Shakespeare Hamlet Sanity

Hamlet To Be Insane or Not To Be Insane That Tis The Question          With in Hamlet, Shakespeare gives a psychological dimension to thethouoghts and actions of each of his characaters, exspecially juncture.Shakespeare gives the reader an indepth look into the mind of Hamlet.  Ifshakespeare had not given the reader the complex psychological state of Hamlet,then yes one and only(a) could say Hamlet was insane, but Shakespeare did.  He made surethat there was an explanation, logical reason for all of his actions. Hamlet, atthe very least was sane.  In the melt Hamlet was percieved as being mad, butthere was a just cause.  The symbolic meaning of Hamlets actions are theunderlining meaning for his unconscious motivation toward his actions.  Thismeans that Hamlet, by chance not knowing it at the time, would logically justify hisactions.  For example in act III, Hamlet said to Ophelia        & nbsp  You should not have believed me          for virtue cannot so inform our          old stock but we shall relish of it.          I loved you not. ... Get thee          to a nunnery...Go thy ways to a nunnery.          (Sc.I 125)  present we can see that Hamlet had told Ophelia front in the scene how deeply heloved her, but here he has changed completely, saying that he had never lovedher.  With in this quote he slips in that Ophelia should go to a nunnery.  Thisis his just cause for his maddness.  He tries to get Ophelia to forget him andgo to the nunnery so that she can be safe, and away from all his troubles thatwould curtly come.  Here we see his justcause as well as his foreshadowing forthings to come. Like many Princes, Hamlet has been highly educated in Whittenburg , England.Here he has erudite to think logically and not to act or think on  impulse.This is why the reader sees Hamlet talkling  to himself.  In act III we seehamlet debating over ideas and problems out loud.  The most obvious one is inhis To Be  soliloquy.          To be, or not to be, that is the          question  Whether tis nobler in          the slings and arrows of out-          rageous fortune.... to disclose - to          sleep No more. (Sc.I 65) Here we can see Hamlet debating with his inner self.  Should I exsist or not?ShouldI sleep or not.  Hamlet argues with his inner consious on the fact that ifhe should die and leave his troubles or live and fight his troubles.  this isnot to be classified as maddness, for he challenges his self for life, not a n

In the Context of the Years 1558-1660 to Further the English Reformation?

In studies of puritanism as a movement from 1558-1660, historians have debated wholly all over the rendering of the word puritan because of the changing nature of the movement as it responded to various political, social and religious developments. The conventional historical interpretation shared by historians Christianson and Wrightson is that Puritan more narrowly referred to the hotter sort of protestants who, although theologically indistinguish fit from their Anglican counter- fibres, actively seek mend of the established church service from inwardly whilst maintaining some doctrinal reservations.This commentary encompasses the understanding that Puritanism was a distinct movement to progress the slope reformation, yet does not account for the greater circle of puritanical separatists who wished to leave the church altogether. hence it is best to adopt the widest description collide withered by Kearney in defining Puritanism as the circle of discontent two withi n and without the Established Church from the 1560s onwards What was gross to all the critics was a vision of what the Church of Christ ought to be if it were stripped of externals and inessentials.Where they differed was in their view of what was external and inessential. This interpretation more accurately allows for Puritanism to be understood in light of its constantly evolving vision and set of values through with(predicate) the years, which manifested in forms such as Presbyterianism in the 1580s and the political backb unrivaled of the parliamentary cram during the Civil War as interpreted by umteen a historian, including revisionist and Marxist historians. Wrightson argues that in 1558, to the Puritans, the church was half reformed.They were anxious to push before to move urgently towards further reformation of the Elizabethan settlement. Whilst relieved by the succession of a protestant monarch butterfly, many Puritans were urgent to pursue throw reform of the sett lement, to purge it of the rags of Rome, specifically from within the hierarchy of the Church of England. Edmund Grindals career as Archbishop is an example of moderate Puritanism acting as a oblige to further the reformation from within the established church.Indeed, Grindals swift packaging by the influential hand of Burghley and an anonymous letter sent to Grindal by a instalment of the Privy Council upon his appointment, strongly suggests there was an inter-governmental campaign by those of significantly higher office to promote Puritan leaders. It is clear that their intention was that If reform was to come from within the establishment, there would never be a more favourable opportunity to advance Puritanism.Supported by Collinson, this shows of how progressive bishops were acting as catspaws for nervous courtiers in promoting moderate reform. For moderate Puritans, the desire to pursue the reformation over-shadowed the controversy of accepting Episcopal office. Through lay ing stresses on the churches pastoral rather than disciplinary aspects, it seemed that an league surrounded by hierarchy and Puritans might be possibly on the basis of a shared desire for moderate church reform.Therefore, among the first generation of Elizabethan bishops, Puritanism was set apart as a religious force within the national church that tarryied with the magistrate to achieve a reformation of the national church. However, evidence suggests that many Puritans who had accepted preferment into the hierarchy of the church neglected furthering a national reformation to pursue a reformation within the localities. As parliamentary reform was stunt in 1576, and Elizabeth I actively opposed activities such as prophesyings younger generation of Calvinist clergy and academicsbecame disillusi aned by the failure of the bishops to continue the process of reformation and alternatively devoted themselves to itinerant preaching as a path of reconstituting the church from among the localities. This local activism changed the dynamic of Puritanism from pursuing a top-down structural reformation of the church through parliament, to one of localised grass-roots evangelisation. Indeed, activities such as prophesying led by men such as Thomas Lever were not a part of the official programme of the established church.Instead Puritans desire to establish an alternative form of ministry in response to the dissatisfaction with the biblically ignorant clergy they had the intent on promoting a unity of flavour based on assent rather than on ecclesiastical authority, a form of reformation which distinctly encouraged non-conformity to the church hierarchy. Increasingly, as Acheson has argued, Puritanism was becoming a force to further the reformation through the education and communication of the word God, in defiance of the ecclesiastical authorities, sharing similarities with radical spiritual movements that had appeared on the continent.Additionally, hill has argued t hat among the localities, Puritanism acted as a social force in undermining the educational functions of the established church. The social impact of the preaching of the word, with its increased generality revealed the monopoly of control the established church had over the formation of opinion. This understanding is clear from the 1580s through to the 1640s as in 1587 the high commission persecuted Bishop Cooper of Winchester for preaching. State censoring of the printing press elevated the brilliance of preaching as the only accessible means of via communication to the illiterate masses. preaching fulfilled the religious function of a confessional it became a source of steerage on moral and economic conduct. The issues of church and state were indeed closely parallel. The bishops tried to maintain a monopoly over the production of opinion, driving unauthorized competitors out by the power of the state while many Puritans evolved a theoretical justification of free trade in ideas in order to take to projection the educational and disciplinary level of all churchgoers.To the hierarchy, this out of bounds had explosive anarchic possibilities that threatened state authority. Puritanism had started to become a force of social and spiritual foresight so that when the state deprived ministers of their licenses and lodgings, many of the average educated laymen sympathized with the Puritans, resulting in the beginnings of what Hill has interpreted as class resistance to the hierarchy.However, the focus of Puritanism from parliament as the vehicle for reformation to the localities meant Puritanism took the form as a grassroots Presbyterian movement, an extension of the hierarchical Puritans stress on the parishes for communal reformation, radicalising and decentralising the focus of reformation away from state institutions and to the inspired minority.The nature of this dissatisfied classis movement, meant that the Puritan campaign for further reformation uniquely advocated a return to an apostolic ideal that sought the establishment of a church through conference, with an independent Confession of Faith and form of discipline. The consequence of such gatherings, led by men such as Laurence Thomson was the intensification of a separatist mentality that abandoned trust in the church establishment in favour of freely associating congregations, ricocheting the disestablishmentarian qualities that would develop into separatism.Spurr has therefore argued that Elizabethan Puritanism cannot be described as a single force to further a single view of reformation. Instead, It is a set of values and aspirations which gets re-defined in response to contrastive circumstances. By the late sixteenth century separatism became a interest group of reformation without tarrying for any. The dashed hopes of Puritans in furthering the reformation through parliament meant it necessarily became a movement of spiritual intensity advocating preachingpursu ing a moral reformation.Puritanism was a reactionary movement that necessarily re-defined itself during the Elizabethan era according to the achievability of its goals, determined by the changing sympathies of those in power, particularly the monarch. Disaffected by the failure to achieve substantial godly reform, Elizabethan Puritanism and its momentum had been halted until Elizabeths death. The pursuit of reformation by Jacobean Puritans from 1603 has been described as one fighting false doctrine, corrupted sinful human put to work and superstitious practice a reformation based upon furthering individual biblical piety.Those of puritan inclination had begun to be the most conscientious and active in the task of evangelizing the people, a task that confronted Puritan evangelists with the reality of the state of popular theology a faith of formality and devotion reliant upon repetitious, ritualistic prayer. Theologically the Jacobean church was broadly Calvinistic and instead it w as the application of godly living to superstitious cultural practices that was the focus of the Puritan pursuit for reformation.Consequentially, the pursuit for communal reformation, in the early 17th Century, meant Puritan moral and spiritual values had begun to transform communities, especially in market townspeoples. A study by Hutton shows a coefficient of correlation between the gradual disappearance of traditional festivities and the activism of local Puritan groups who imposed sabbatarianism and punished any ungodly activities according to their impulses for reformation. For example, the arrest book in the town of Dorchester which was dominated by a Puritan group from 1610 onwards recalls numerous arrests on market day for swearing or getting drunk.Supported by Underdown, these popular cultural activities deeply pertain Puritans as a strict morality was essential as a sign of an individuals elect status. The wide awake and some times violent activism therefore was a funda mentally religiously motivated practice, aimed at a moral and spiritual reformation. However, by the 1630s Acheson argues that Puritan pursuits for reformation among the localities became reactionary to Lauds policies, leading to the growth of separatism. Puritanical separatists represented a religiously disaffected minority which ould shape Puritanism to be a dangerous political movement, a time to come cause of the English Civil War by bringing disparate religious forces in a common opposition to episcopacy. The monopoly of power held by the Arminians over church policy meant there was strong Puritan opposition in Parliament to semi-catholic activities made square under Charles I. Between 1630 and 1640 66 members of the Canterbury diocese went elsewhere for sermons as opposed to just four in the years 1620-1629.Wrightson has argued, the Arminian victory in the churchshattered the Jacobean Consensus within which Puritan evangelists in the localities had been able to shelter. Conse quently, Puritanism contributed to a broader popular revolt of opinion to the prevailing Government and the Arminian claims to hold a monopoly on truth. This created a climate of intolerance, one that made attending church services an activity that was intolerable to a large minority of people. This isolation of a Catholic fearing, Calvinistic majority strengthened the political and spiritual urgency for Puritan action that would define the parliamentary movement in 1640.Contrastingly, Wrightson has argued that renewed parliamentary, particularly religious opposition to Charles I, re-shaped Puritanism from being concerned with matters of church governance, to matters of royal prerogative and noble rule. Whilst opposition to Arminianism defined much opposition to Charles I, it was the inability of the commons to direct religious affairs with an unsympathetic monarch that was cause of the parliamentary, Puritan frustration. In the commons, by 1629, charges of heterodoxy were made ag ainst Laud and speeches were being made linking Arminianism and Catholicism with Spanish Tyranny.This mindset is best reflected in Sir asa dulcis Rudyards Long Parliament speech where he said that the Arminian masterpiece now, is to touch all those of the religion the suspected party of the Kingdom. Puritanism had started to become, through the House of Commons, the direct, vocal opposition to Arminianism. There was a greater and renewed depth to the Puritan opposition by equating Arminianism with Catholic tyranny and the devastation of ancient constitutional liberties. Puritan concerns became nationalised being now centred on a Monarch perceive to be the capital enemy to theCommonwealth on both constitutional and religious grounds. Puritanism, as expressed by the Commons, was now an anti-monarchic force, a movement of national political as well as religious dissent. Marxist historian Hill has argued that Puritanism was a renewingary social force which, because of its promotion of practical devotion and godliness, provided a new social ethic which converged with the needs of 16th and 17th Century bourgeoisie. Hill argues that Puritanical trade union movement values fulfilled an economic function which benefited agricultural and industrial production as the hiring of cheap labour became a form of poor relief.Puritanism had the effect of promoting a body of ideas that encouraged dignity in labour for its own sake, providing smaller artisans and merchants with an excuse to bug the poor as cheap labour. This economic desperation led to Puritans to devote their preaching to promoting employment. Most notably, when a congregation of merchants gathered at the annual Stourbridge clean-living to listen to the divine William Perkins, the list of towns represented are all notorious Puritan centres.The evidence would suggest that the complimenting values of cheap labour and Puritanism meant it was not solely a force that pursued any kind of reformation, whether th at is moral or individual. Instead it became a social force to root out idleness with a special emphasis on the duty of working hard, for extolling the dignity of labour. Alternatively, Collinson has argued that Hills interpretation fails to note of Puritanisms most spectacular successes were in converting elements of the feudal class that Marxist historians have said it was trying to destroy suggesting Puritanism was not a force for social revolution.Collinson argues that because the Puritan propagandastood in as much need of solemn protectionsuccess belonged to those with their hands on the strongest levers. Consequently, through commanding the sympathies of upper class gentry such as Leicester until 1588 and the Earl of Bedford on the eve of the civil war, Puritanism was able to achieve further reformation as a result of hierarchical support. These powerful individuals served to render effective a vigilant puritan policy which would be more important to the Puritan cause of furt hering the reformation in its public consequences.Therefore, Puritanism was not a social subversive force which sought to destroy the nobility classes but instead united the classes as a force that throughout 1558-1640 pursued the reformation by providing a safe social environment within the localities for Puritans to operate. Contrastingly, evidence suggests that support for Puritanism from among the merchant classes was more to do with reducing popish idleness and therefore working towards a more godly and reformed society. Puritans perceived issues of vagabondage and idleness as social consequences of Catholicism.For example, there was great disapproval over monks and nuns because for all they do nothing they nevertheless riot lavishly of different folks labours. They were parasitic rentiers and these perceptions of idleness, to Puritans, had invaded the thought of the sinful beggar. Therefore, whilst many lower-middle class merchants were motivated by economic reasons to enco urage Puritanism, it is too simplistic of Marxist historians to signalize Puritanism as a force to manipulate class tensions.In fact, the over-riding motivational factor was the belief that they were serving Gods purposes by hiring the idle poor they believed they were furthering the providential reformation of both the commonwealth and of the reprobate. Alternatively, Hill has argued that the secret victory of Puritanism was infact the cultural acceptance of Puritan values that was the result of a strenuous clever effort. Jeremy Collier was a Puritan who finally led to victory Puritanisms battle against immorality of the stage.The social aspects of his attitude the divulging of poets only tends to debauch world andof civil life was the cause and effect of those views. Particularly, the restoration of sexualised theatre was attacked vigorously by Puritans such as Thomas Gouge. Arguably, the revival of an established preaching ministry post-1630s label a significant transformat ion in how Puritanism contributed to a revolution of social thought.Puritanism had successfully influenced the culture in a way as to make their intellectual and social considerations mainstream within the established church. Puritanism had succeeded in acting as a force to promote a set of culturally impacting practices which was to then reflect onto the opinions of the people to transform Englands society, through impacting the culture. During the civil war, Marxist historians have interpreted the role of Puritanism as a unique social revolutionary force.Hill has highlighted that Puritanism was among the blossoming of radical, democratic and egalitarian notions among the common people which he argues was part of an inevitable class struggle which defined the years 1642-1660 as a time of revolution. However, revisionist historians such as Dow have accustomed to the idea that in the 1640s and 1650s Puritanism was not a force confined to the struggle of one social group in an attemp t to re-shape the social or political order. Instead, he has argued that England witnessed adical religious groups whose concern was to attack the notion of a disciplined, established national church. Ignited by decades of religious oppression Puritanism had a renewed spiritual intensity that for the first time in 100 years was united in the pursuit of one common goal the reformation of the established national church centred on opposition to the royal supremacy. Historical debate therefore centres on whether Puritanism was a revolutionary force against the crown preceding and during the Civil War.Revisionist, Collinson has argued that from 1635-1640 and the opening of the long parliament, Puritanism acted as a stabilising conservative force in preserving the true Protestant religious belief upon which the throne and Gods favour was predicated. Indeed, Puritanism, whilst substantially growing pre-1640, was hardly a revolutionary force dissent was expressed in lawful, peaceful means of the King-in-Parliament via ordered national days of prayer and fasting. However, the sharp rise in frequency of prayer and fasting days in the 1640s which reached a total of 24 in 1643 suggests that this activity reflected instead a spiritual revolution.What made Puritanism a revolutionary force was a perception among the Godly that they had to choose between two masters to seek truth by obeying God or, to obey earthly authority. They chose the former. Charles I and Laud had created the very Puritanism that they dreaded, changing Puritanism from being a lawful conservative movement to one of forced religious and political radicalism founded upon unshakeable spiritual conviction. What Gardiner called the puritan revolution had begun.Supported by McGiffert, this radicalised movement was an extension of the pursuit of a further reformation through the re-establishment of a national covenant. The Protestation that was introduced into the Commons on 3 May 1641 demanded that the swear er promise to defend the true reformed religion against allpopish innovation in this realm. A covenant of the Solemn League in 1643 bound England and Scotland together to the reformation of the Church of England. These national covenants were a direct attempt by Puritans to impose a spiritual reformation upon all the subscribers to the covenants.The advocates of these covenants thus saw themselves as fighting a war between against the ungodly and believed that they were holding the King accountable for breaking his covenant to defend the faith. It is important to recognise the great paradigm shift that took place within the English political establishment by 1646. Puritanism had embarked on flights ten times more daring than the Elizabethan agitation for further reformation, and a hundred times more devastating in its political consequences.The dynamic of the Puritan movement during the Puritan Revolution is evidence that, as a force in the pursuit of a godly reformation, Puritanism demanded the spiritual renewal of an entire people that shook the English political establishment forever. In conclusion, Puritanism as a force between the years 1558-1660 to further the English reformation cannot be assessed as a singular movement united under one pursuit at any period. There is no doubt that Puritanism was born out of a sense of religious and spiritual dissatisfaction centred on the lack of progress of a godly reformation.It did however have a significantly broader social impact on England that surpassed simply religious reform. As Hill interpreted, Puritanism, most significantly in post-Elizabethan England prevailed as a force to impact upon the practices of the individuals, transforming social attitudes and the national conscience concerning labour and the national church. By acting as a force that sought to transform the culture, via popular opinion, Puritanism was able to make the religious and political advancements by the 1660s that theyd battled for decade s.However, revisionist historian Patrick Collinson has rightly observed that whilst Puritanism was additionally a force for the promotion of distinct social thought it was merely an outward expression of the aroused inner conscience. After 1590 Puritanism as a political force had temporarily subsided and as there was a profound alteration in religious culture, the desires and aspirations for the pursuit of a godly reformation became internalised and reformation had become an act of continual and deliberate submission to the divine will and purpose.It is within this understanding of the Puritan conscience that one can conclude the very identity of Puritanism as a force in the years 1558-1660 as of one in the direct pursuit of furthering the reformation. The first generation of Elizabethan bishops shared the Puritanical fervour for the boost of prophesyings and individual piety. This internal pursuit and conviction, from which Puritan action was born continued in spite of changing ci rcumstances. The separatism of the 1630s and even the Puritan Revolution in the 1640s was the result of this internalised fiery Puritan spirituality n which covenanting with God within all an individual, local or national context was the central and fundamental pursuit of Puritanism as a force to further the reformation. 1 . Elizabeth I and Religion by Susan Doran 1994 2 . The Emergence of a Nation State The Commonwealth of England 1529-1660, Ch. 18, pg 147 The scrap to the Church Puritan opposition and Catholic threat by Alan G. R. Smith 3 . Lecture 10 Early Modern England Politics, Religion, and Society under the Tudors and Stuarts chapter 3 Protestants 4 .The Elizabethan Puritan Movement by Patrick Collinson Moderate Courses Grindal pg 160 5 . The Elizabethan Puritan Movement by Patrick Collinson pg 161 Anonymous Letter It is greatly hoped for by the godly and well-affected of this realm that your lordship will prove a profitable instrument in that calling especial ly in removing the corruptions in the court It is suggested that either Walsingham or Mildmay wrote this letter, but scholars are uncertain. 6 .Elizabeth I and Religion 1558-1603 by Susan Doran Puritans pg 34 7 . The Elizabethan Puritan Movement by Patrick Collinson The Beginnings of a troupe pg 51 Thomas Lever was Archdeacon of Coventry 8 . Society and Puritanism in pre-revolutionary England The preaching of the word by Christopher Hill 9 . Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England by Christopher Hill The Preaching of the Word 10 . Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England by Christopher Hill The Preaching of the Word 11 .The Elizabethan Puritan movement by Patrick Collinson The Early Presbyterian movement 12 . The Elizabethan Puritan Movement by Patrick Collinson The Early Presbyterian Movement pg 135. 13 . Lecture 18 Street Wars of Religion Puritans and Arminians professor Wrightson of Yale University 14 . Lecture 18 Street Wars of Religio n Puritans and Arminians 38 Puritans were severely punished by Laud acting from the Star Chamber they were pilloried and had their ears slit off. 15 . Radical Puritans in England 1550-1660 The Two Smoaking Firebrands Laud and the Growth of Religious Separatism pg 36 Table 2 Presentments for religious offences in the diocese of Canterbury, 1590-1640 16 . In 1634 Lathrop and 30 members of his congregation left for America following the growing pressures of the authorities. 17 . The Early Stuarts 1603-1640 by Katherine Brice Chapter 6, Religion, 1603-1640. 18 .English Puritanism Jacobean Puritanism Gestation And Rebirth Sir gum benjamin Rudyards speech to the Long Parliament They have brought it to pass that under the name of Puritans all our religion is brandedwhosoever squares his actions by any rule either divine or human is a puritan whosoever would be governed by the kings law, he is a Puritantheir masterpiece now, is to make all those of the religion the suspected part y of the Kingdom. 19 . English Puritanism Puritanism and Society Towns include Kings Lynn, Norwich, Ipswich, Colchester, Coventry, Northampton and Leicester 20 .Puritanism & Revolution by Christopher Hill William Perkins and the Poor 21 . Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England by Christopher Hill Conclusion. 22 . Radicalism in the English Revolution 1640-1660 by F. D. Dow The Debate on the English Revolution 23 . Radicalism in the English Revolution 1640-1660 by F. D. Dow- The Religious Radicals 24 . FAST DAYS AND FACTION THE STRUGGLE FOR REFORMATION, ORDER, AND UNITY IN ENGLAND 1558 C. 1640 By Thomas Cornell Doumaux 25 . English Puritanism by Patrick Collinson 26 . English Puritanism by Patrick Collinson

Gothic and Romanesque Cathedrals

The Romanesque style transformed into the Gothic style during the Middle Ages. This happened for many reasons. The Romanesque period was a m of trial and error while the Gothic period was a time of advancements in inventions. Religion was an important factor in the shift between Romanesque and Gothic. The locations of the ii types of cathedrals also contributed toward the change between Romanesque and Gothic, as well as the power of the relics and the community to raise funds for the Gothic cathedrals.There are several reasons the architecture of the cathedral changed from Romanesque to Gothic in the Middle Ages. The Romanesque period lasted from 1000 to 1200 AD. Todays France was the center of Romanesque architecture and the birthplace of one of the most beutiful features of medieval architecture, the ambulatory with radiating chapels. Romanesque is the name we throw to christian architecture in Western Europe from the end of the Roman Empire to about the close of the twelfth c entury. Prevalent from the 9th through 12th centuries CE, Romanesque architecture combined the influences of Roman and Byzantine styles.The style was named, in the 1800s, beca handling one of its key features, the barrel vault, resembled the classical Roman arch. The use of barrel vaults allowed for huge interior spaces make entirely of stone. But that also meant the roofs were extremely heavy, so the walls had to be tremendously thick to prevent buckling. Strong walls also meant fewer windows, so the insides of Romanesque churches often encounter dim and feel like fortresses. Gothic architecture began in the mid-12th century with the intention of making churches look like heaven soaring, colorful, and bright.The biggest difference from the preceeding Romanesque style was the use of flying buttresses. These support structures or towers, set off from the main walls and attached by arches, and displaced the pressure from the roof outward. Essentially, this meant the buildings could get taller, walls could get thinner, and there could be a lot of windows, which were often stained glass. Gothic churches have huge, ornate, petaled round windows called rose windows. They also are much pointier than their Romanesque predecessors, with pointed arches and tall spires (instead of blunt towers) characterizing the style.

Reward System Essay

The proceeds arrangement that exists in any given workplace is affected by physiological urgencys, mental needs as well as social needs in different ways. For instance, physiological needs atomic number 18 the most fundamental needs for human and they include air, food, piddle and respite. The remunerate system in the workplace is influenced by all these needs because they must be considered. Employees may be given food, water, clean air and places to sleep as part of rewarding them. Similarly, psychological needs sacrifice an influence on the reward system at the workplace. An example of psychological needs is the need by employees to have peace of mind and be settled. This is a need that greatly influences the reward system because employees cannot be very productive if their minds are not settled. The reward system must consider the idea of making sure that all psychological needs are taken care of as a way of providing a peaceful working environment (Reeve, 2009). Socia l needs just as physiological and psychological needs affect the reward system significantly. These needs include affection, love and give waying. As way of rewarding employees, an organization can form for social events that will create a sense of belong and love among the employees. That is one of the ways through which the reward system is influenced by social needs. These systems have a very big effect on the motivation of employees.When the employer makes sure that all these needs are taken care of, employees will feel comprehended and be more motivated to work. The reward system that exists in any given workplace is affected by physiological needs, psychological needs as well as social needs in different ways. For instance, physiological needs are the most fundamental needs for human and they include air, food, water and sleep. The reward system in the workplace is influenced by all these needs because they must be considered. Employees may be given food, water, clean air a nd places to sleep as part of rewarding them. Similarly, psychological needs have an influence on the reward system at the workplace. An example of psychological needs is the need by employees to have peace of mind and be settled. This is a need that greatly influences the reward system because employees cannot be very productive if their minds are not settled. The reward system must consider the idea of making sure that all psychological needs are taken care of as a way of providing a peaceful working environment (Reeve, 2009).Social needs just as physiological and psychological needs affect the reward system significantly. These needs include affection, love and belonging. As way of rewarding employees, an organization can organize for social events that will create a sense of belong and love among the employees. That is one of the ways through which the reward system is influenced by social needs. These systems have a very big effect on the motivation of employees. When the emplo yer makes sure that all these needs are taken care of, employees will feel appreciated and be more motivated to work.

Astronomy Story Essay

The day my lifetime would change for ever was April 16th, 2013. This was the day that I left field planet flat coat and embarked on genius of the most important missions in NASAs history. I should probably back up though, and explain to you how this came about. April 16th was sunny with only a few clouds in the put away, the smell of spring was in the air and with the end of second semester right about the corner, the quad was packed with people eager to aim some much desired sun rays. Unfortunately for me though I was stuck in astronomy. That days round topic was our very own planet earth. Dr. Bozyan was public lecture about how planet Earth was actually very wet, that nearly 71% of earths surfaced is cover with water. I wise(p) that while other worlds of the solar system tolerate automated describeer machines, only Earths contains the oxygen that we humans and animals need to survive. I had really hoped that wasnt true because I had big aspirations of one day living on mars. We learned about about the greenhouse effect and how clouds, s like a shot, ice and sand reflect about 31% of the incoming sunlight back into dummy. The earth though likewise emits radiation into space because of its temperature. Fighting off the urge to day dream about the nice weather, I managed to withal learn how Earths magnetic field produces a magnetosphere that traps particles from the solar wind. Like the motions of Earths tectonic plates, Earths magnetic field results from our planets internal heat.The last thing I wrote plenty in that class was a few enkindle notes about how human activity such as Deforestation, burning of fossil fuels and industrial chemicals argon damaging the ozone layer in the stratosphere. As I was seconds remote from reaching freedom to the the spring air, Dr. Bozyan approached me and told me that she had a question for me. She was talking though in a soft almost secretive tone. She went on for about 10 minutes how she worked for a top s ecret NASA program that was interested in sending me on a mission. I laughed at that, it sounded like a calvin and Hobbs comical strip that I see in the Sunday paper. She went on and told me that the the great(p) space black market between Russia and the U.S.A. had never ended and that there was a race to gather observations from all nine planets in the solar system. They had top secret technology that would allow for this mission to be completed in only one week. The only occlusive was that it was so secret that I would be launching out of the URI planetarium that night, and that I couldnt tell eitherbody where I was liberation. Me being the adventurous vitrine decided this would be a great opportunity to become famous and in the process get to see some landmarks like the milky personal manner and the man on the moon. Within hours I was in my very first space shuttle and on my office to the moon.The fastest time to the moon was 8 hours and 35 minutes by NASAs New Horizons pluto mission. It was only going to take me 2 hours and 31 minutes and I was only sibyllic to stop at the moon for fuel because it was determined information about the outer planets was more important and we were trying to complete the mission in the quickest possible time. As the man on the moon figure approached within eye shot, I began to observe and take note of anything I could. Even though NASA had already explored the moon, that was no excuse for me not to absorb any observations of the moon for myself. I rapidly began to observe that the moon was very dry and its surface was covered with plains and craters that is caused by the moon being bombarded by meteoric material also known as impact craters. As we touched down I quickly decided to throw on my space suit and check out the moon and its surroundings. I immediately found out that there was no atmosphere and no global magnetic field as it felt as if I were floating and that there was no gravity holding me down. There al so appeared to be no liquid water of any kind. I realized that the 3476 km diameter of the moon was really just now a spec in the cloudless pitch black sky of space. My last observation of the moon as my shuttle was just about done filling up was that it was charming cold out. It was about -180 degrees Celsius that night, much colder then I was used too. Luckily though, I also packed my arctic ready winter hat and jacket. abutting stop would be genus Venus. As the count down began to lift off I wondered if Venus had a man on the moon.On my way to Venus I decided that I should probably make myself a well deserved meal. I was gawking into the bag labeled food, in red card sharper that was handed to me right before take off, there was no pop tarts or my favorite barbecue chips . after much debate and thought, I change my choice to a cup of NASAS finest freeze dried ice cream. As we started to approach what I assumed was Venus but couldnt tell until we landed because of the clouds that were hiding its surface from control. The first thing that I noticed was the size. It seemed to be about the same size of earth, I had always thought of Venus being smaller then earth. What I also observed, was that practically the whole surface was covered in lava I felt like I was in some sort of sci-fi movie. Luckily for me I had a space suit because without it, I would have exploded. My Pressure meter on the left arm of my suit was telling me that the pressure was 90 atmospheres, which would be 90 times greater then the average air pressure at sea level on Earth. The temperature of Venus was very hot and I know that that was in my favor because if the temperature wasnt so hot, the clouds would open up with a rain of sulfuric acid, and conceptualise me I did not want that. I stored these mental snap shots in my head and finished the last of my notes and prepared for take off to Mercury.Mercury was unimpeachably going to be one of the planets that I had to pay very close a ttention to when taking notes because only half of its surface had been viewed recently. Mercury was also going to be interesting to see because it has a very unique axis rotation, spinning three times on its axis for every two orbits around the sun. The first thing that I noticed on Mercury was that there was almost no atmosphere on the planet. That was pretty obvious because the planet looked life less and fried. I wrote in my observation notes that Mercury fried, literally because there was no atmosphere to protect against the harsh radiation of the sun. Mercury from my first view out the window reminded me a lot of the moon, there were craters every where. Mercury also from observation was definitely on the smaller side. As my time on Mercury was coming to a end, I realized that Mercury was a very boring planet to look at, only craters and low lying plains and cliffs.After the short trip from Mercury past Venus, Earth and the moon I approached Mars. I figured I could get a jump start on finding a future plot of land, for when humans were on Mars. As I approached Mars, I could see that the planet was full of craters. I was to stay on Mars for a full 12 hours while my rocket fueled up to make the trip to the outer planets. What I observed in those 12 hours was very interesting to me. I witnessed some incredible sights like vast canyons some 20,000 ft high, giant mountains and sand dunes. The air was very dusty and left a orange tint in the air. I quickly learned also that there was little atmosphere because as night started to fall tempters fierce very rapidly and quickly well below 0. My rocket was fueled up again and it was time for take off. As I sat down in my space craft, I noticed that Mars definitely lived up to its nick name of the red planet because my white space suit was now covered in red dust. Just like that though, it was time to leave Mars and head straight to the big guys, Jupiter and Saturn. I quickly learned that Jupiter was just as adver tised very big I could see Jupiter from my rocket almost the whole trip there. Jupiter was very bright definitely brighter then any star I had ever seen. I noticed the dark and light bands as they appeared from the space craft window, I learned later on that these are called belts( darker bands) and zones( lighter bands). Jupiter was very hard to land because there was no solid surfaces. Using a scientific tool on the space craft I was able to determined that Jupiter make up almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, with some other trace gases. For this case it was very hard for me to take observations since I could not actually get out and explore Jupiter. For the lack of mobility and time I was quickly just like that on my way to to explore the great ring planet of Saturn. While approaching Saturn the ring that it is most famous for was very visible, I actually managed to take a photo with my space issued tv camera that was provided to me by NASA. Saturn was also huge although not a s big as Jupiter it was definitely the second biggest thing I had ever seen, the first thing ostensibly being Jupiter. Like Jupiter I was unable to land on Saturn because of the chemical make up being mostly hydrogen and helium but the observations I was able to take away were that Saturns rings were made of thousands of narrow, closely spaced ringlets. Uranus and Neptune were next and if I wanted to make this trip in one week, I had to say good bye to the two gas giants and say hello to the trans-Saturnian planets.The two sister planets Uranus and Pluto were very much alike. My time on both planets were relatively the same experience. I was able to observe that both planets had many moons. Also the atmosphere on both planets was generally the same made up of mostly hydrogen and helium indicated by special tools on board the space craft. The one difference I did notice between these two sisters, is that Uranus actually rotates clock wiseinstead of counter clock wise. My visit with Uranus and Neptune was short and sweet. I packed my space craft and prepared it for lift off.3..2..1 push down off were the words that I heard through the microphone that was hooked up with NASA. I awoke laying in the quad. The sun was high in the sky and there was a slight breeze. I realized that I had accidentally snoozed off in the quad, and what started off with me closing my eyes for 5 minutes to catch some rays ended with a nap that lasted 3 hours. I unfortunately soon realized quickly after that my amazing top secret to space was actually nothing more then a dream. There was no fame to come of it, and my professor never actually gave me the trust to go on this top secret mission. Although my trip to the solar system may not have been real, it will be something though that I will never forget.

Airborne Express: the Underdog

AIRBORNE EXPRESS THE UNDERDOG CASE STUDY QUESTIONS 1. Analyze the United States small packet express delivery diligence in the 1990s using the Porters Five Force Model. Rate each of the five forces as either weak, moderate, strong or fierce. shrive your rating by using two factors under each force and describing how these factors affect the strength of the force. The Bargaining Power of Buyers The bargaining power of the buyer was just ab step to the fore moderate-to-slightly strong due to the fact that certain corporations were so high ranked that, they could manipulate their prices to their usefulness.On top of that substitutions existed with the other mailing companies which gave the buyer choices. Low prices were taken advantage of by consumers, for if they were too expensive, theyd switch their services over to another company who would provide the same shipping, delivery and transportation placement, at a more reasonable price. High-volume corporate customers have a grea t deal with more bargaining power than customers who dont buy from them frequent enough. This meant that they could allow and expect substantial discounts.IBM made a 3-year contract with mobile extend to pay them to carry their products that were 150 pounds or less. The only mucklefall about that was that Airborne Express had to offer rates 84% below national Expresss list prices. Approx. 80% of Airbornes revenue came from corporate accounts such as IBM. High-volume corporate companies such as IBM have the bargaining power over Airborne Express. The Bargaining Power of Suppliers The bargaining power of the providers, at the time, was fairly strong.When it came down to the delivering and shipping of packages in the world, there were only a few companies who operated globally. This is one bargaining power that Airborne (the supplier gained). . Data Product Corp. a manufacturing business of computer printers, contracted out Airborne to take care of their arrangements and shipment s of their component parts. Airborne controlled the consolidation and movement of component parts from the component part supplier through the Hong Kong assembly operation. This allowed the company to minimize inventory-holding costs for the Data Product Corp.Airborne was in control and created set prices for the company to abide by or else, they would allow to ship for the company. Airborne shipped everything by night in which they controlled when packages were delivered. They would close their drop boxes at 5pm, so any packages that werent ready by that time, werent shipped until the coterminous day. They controlled the time of when packages were due so customers would push to get their packages put into these drop boxes before they closed. Airborne also created and built their own hub-and-spoke system exposed of supporting a nationwide distribution system.They had their own planes, trucks, as well as other equipment, which meant that they didnt have to rely on others to send o ut their packages. They were in control and could regulate their own price and supply levels directly. 2. List at least two strategies that Airborne implemented to strengthen each of the quadruple building blocks of emulous advantage (efficiency, innovation, quality and customer responsiveness). Explain how the strategy strengthened the building block. r 3. Did Airborne Express have a sustainable competitive advantage? If yes, what was the competitive advantage based on.If no, why was their competitive advantage not sustainable? Yes, Airborne Express did have a sustainable competitive advantage. They provided many strategies that companies of others did not implement and/or use. One would be the usage of special drop boxes for their customers. Airborne provided multiple drop boxes in some(prenominal) locations for customers to send their packages along. The packages were collected from the drop boxes at 5 pm, everyday. These drop boxes were placed and located in specific location s such as lobbies in major moneymaking(prenominal) buildings, which made access to these boxes available to many.Central drop boxes were placed in the cities as well, allowing customers up to 6 pm before collecting packages and closing the drop boxes. some other advantage that Airborne Express had over other companies was the development of their information systems. With these information systems in use, Airborne Express had improved their customer service as well as boost productivity within the company. The three information systems that were created were the Libra II system, the FOCUS system, and also, the EDI system.Libra II was used to calculate and weigh the package at hand, while providing shipping labels and reports. The FOCUS system recorded the status of the package (such as location, shipment time, etc. ). Last but not least, the EDI system was used to eliminate the flow of paperwork. This meaning that forms in the form of paper was reduced if not removed and instead r eplaced with electronic data forms. Another competitive advantage that Airborne had was the strategic alliances that were created with multiple foreign agents.These countries consisted of Thailand, Japan, Malaysia, and South Africa. With this move globally, this put Airborne into the international aspect of package shipping and delivery. 4. As Airborne Express customers became global, Airborne Express had to develop a network to meet their needs to deliver packages to international location. They chose a very different approach than Federal Express. Describe Airborne Express strategies to provide global services. Also list two advantages and two risks associated with the approach that Airborne Express adopted.

Plato vs. Nietzsche

Johnny Lee Plato versus Nietzsche The central ideas that two great philosophers, Plato and Friedrich Nietzsche, talked about were the authorizedlyity and appearance and what they mainly foc utilise on is where we as humans cubicle between these two. Of course, regarding the fact that Plato and Nietzsche lived in different time periods, they had their differences that conflict with each(prenominal) others theories. But they do have something to agree upon they both debate that humans live in an illusory world of our avow that we think is reality when we actually ar not. One important idea they disagree on is their concepts on what is reality and what is truth.Platos theory is mostly based on his undermine allegory where he explicates humans conditions. I will explain the similarities and differences between Plato and Nietzsche through the cave allegory. Starting from a base point, Plato and Nietzsche both state that there atomic number 18 misrepresentations and illusions in the world. First, according to the cave allegory by Plato, he believes the shadows(Plato 64) to be whats keeping us from utilizing our knowledge to its fullest value. The shadows are metaphors that represent our acts of relying on our senses to identify objects in life.They are only the appearances of the actual objects, message that we are not getting the genuine concept that is concealed by the appearances. He explains that the objects humans see in the visible world are faraway from the truth and their true forms. On the contrary, Nietzsche does not believe that the shadows are actually what Plato says they are. Although Nietzsche does believe that there are illusions in the world that humans are unremarkably deceived by, he argues that what deceives us in the world is our language and not the appearances of objects.He explains that concepts are the main cause that deceives humans because a concept is produced by overlooking what is individual and real(Nietzsche 878). And th is is where language part comes in. The language helps creating concepts to objects, making it harder for humans to comprehend the original entities (Nietzsche 877) of the objects. lyric poem are only metaphors of things (Nietzsche 877) to identify them but nothing more. Words do not hold any meanings or the true essence of the objects. The only purpose of wrangle is so that humans can agree on the equivalent things and get things done make consistency in our lives. In terms of ruth in objects, Plato believes that once humans are out the cave we will be competent to see the truth in things and know logic and reasoning. He argues that the only way to grasp the real meanings of objects is to rationalize everything and not rely on our senses (Plato 66). If all humans use logic to define everything and not guess what they would represent, then we would all be in the intelligible landed estate. On the other hand, Nietzsche has a very different take on the subject matter of truth. In fact, he argues that there are nothing more real than things that visibly and physically exist in the world things that are accessible.This is why he does not believe in the intelligible realm or the real reality. He believes that we are already in reality. His main case is that those things that exist in the world know neither forms nor concepts. (Nietzsche 878) and therefore there is no reality, meanings, concepts or even truth within these objects. Nietzsche believes that the only truth existing in our lives is the agree workforcet through language. We have put labels and titles on objects so that we would be able to agree upon identifying those objects without any conflicts or disagreement. Steven Wallace delivers a similar point through his poem, Metaphors of a Magnifico.The basic summary of this poem is that there are twenty dollar bill men crossing a bridge/ Into a village (Stevens) and the speaker, Stevens or the Magnifico, is trying to celebrate the meaning behind these twenty crossing the bridge. The problem that Stevens had was the words that were used by someone else to describe the twenty men. These twenty men could be perceived as twenty men crossing twenty bridges for each man could experience crossing the bridge very differently. It can also be seen as one man crossing the bridge if they all had the same purpose of why they are crossing the bridge. Ultimately, these men will look like one single man.Stevens could not find the true meaning of his own behind these other peoples descriptions of the twenty men. He starts using words like white wall and fruit-trees to grasp the real meaning of these men crossing the bridge but no matter how hard he tries the meaning escapes(Stevens). This poem perfectly supports Nietzsches theory in the sense that, words are only metaphors to describe objects. Words cannot hold concepts for objects do not have real meanings behind them. After all, Stevens and even Nietzsche would say that it is simply Twenty men crossing a bridge/ Into a village with no concepts attached.Going back to the cave allegory, Plato says that humans think the shadows are the truth behind the objects when they are only appearances. Now if Nietzsche would critique the allegory he would find certain things accurate and other things to be false. One thing he would agree upon is the deception that humans are getting. One big idea on the allegory that Nietzsche would definitely disagree on is the outside world or the intelligible realm for he does not believe that we are not living in reality right now.He does not believe that we are in the cave. If Nietzsche would roughly create an allegory for his view on the world and human conditions he would first scrap the whole idea of being in the cave and the outside world. In Nietzsches allegory, there is a group of men freely standing outside in nature. And everything in nature is labeled with a card on them trees, flowers, grass and so on. As each of the men looks at these o bjects, they will see the same objects but different distorted shadows.These men, thinking that there are more meanings and concepts beyond theses words on the cards, will have different shapes of the shadows in their heads, due to different perceptions. However in reality, the shadows of the objects will flawlessly defend the shapes of the actual objects, meaning that what you see is what you get there are no hidden concepts. Although Plato and Nietzsche may have differences on the matter of truth, they are able to find a common ground between their theories it is that humans could not be living deeper in an illusory world right now.

Disadvantages of Globalization Essay

1. ABSTRACTIt is debated that sustainable development has not worked well within the globalist environment and hold backs to correspondm unpromising for our future. If on that point is not some sort of new-fashioned outside of the box idea followed by drastic action which takes place, this society faces grave environmental dangers as every(prenominal) new year comes. This essay ordaining critic wholey assess the statement mentioned above and will go in depth to try to explain how shun stirs tolerate be stopped and this essay will put forth ideas regarding how capitalism and environmentalism place reconcile.2. INTRODUCTION2.1. Background globalisation is a concern today as it is attri scarcelyed to vast well-disposed problems in developing nations. The deterioration of the environment i.e. the destruction of the rain forests, oceans, rivers, and lakes is directly related to overwriting and non-regulation of topical anesthetic environmental laws by corporations in develo ping countries. withal within the global society, sparing in equality, especially poverty and exploitation of underdeveloped nations, ar major social problems due to developed policies between international economical institutions of the International Monetary Fund and the Word Bank, international corporations, and national governments. These policies can be so harmful to economies that they contri providede to horrors such as knowledge base hunger, disease, and sympathetic trafficking to name a few. Government intervention by regulation, taxation, and redistributing wealth past distorts natural laws of supply and demand. Some economies may suffer disadvantaged at first, but society is better off when the free foodstuff is allowed to control itself.2.2. Purpose of the ReportThis report is aimed to give in detaied undertandign of what does globalization it, how it developed and what negative impacts on tender life. While at that place atomic number 18 umpteen positive a spects of globalization, its negative effects are overwhelming and far reaching. In feature the effects of the alike(p) behave like slow poison which is why it becomes much than important to recognize and stop the negatives.2.3. Statement of the problemBefore judgment the reasons behind why this phenomenon has brought with it so m whatsoever problems, we need to have a look atthe instruments by which globalization is being promoted and enhanced. The most important and predominant instruments influencing this process are the multinational corporations and the new revolution of information technology.3. METHODOLOGYWhile preparing this report, broadly speaking the book resources of Yeditepe University Knowledge Center applied. there were numbers of books to search about the subject. This report will scoop with briefly defining globalization. then it will follow by its negative impacts in destinations of both its economic, clement and nature impacts.4. FINDINGS4.1. globalisat ionthither are various definitions for the excogitate globalization, but depending on the perspective it is seen in, this phenomenon ramifies itself in different shade colors between white and b escape. To put ourselves in the appropriate context, it is important to understand what the rallying cry globalization means. Globalization in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional things or phenomena into global ones. It can to a fault be used to describe a process by which the people of the manhood are unified into a single society and function together. This process is a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural and governmental forces. Globalization is also used to refer to another(prenominal) term called economic globalization and this term, refers to the Integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.(Robertson, 1992)Dur ing the death of each minute consumed and the passing of each day, societies have identified a certain shrinking of the world that has been more real with the strengthening of larger and stronger bonds between parallel worlds called countries. It is interesting to see that this phenomenon is not only visible because of the human being evolution, but also because of the rapid transformations in communication, transportation, and computer technology, that have permitted these parallel worlds to explore and be exposed to other slip vogue of living and cultures (Roberts, 1999).In a broader perspective, this situation could be seen as a beneficial situation due to the fact, that opening up to new cultures, means the breaking of paradigms in the solving of problems. The difficulty nagging in everyones minds is, in the dissolution of those paradigms, are thesocieties going to lose their identities which indicate in the way they live life and differ themselves from others? Its a capitulu m that has been more and more obvious in the passing of each day and that have started revolutions in pursue of preventing cultural distortion because many countries, in fact, find oneself threatened by other cultures and consequently, are acting out to preserve themselves the best way possible.4.2. Globalization and cultureGlobalization represents a challenge to cultures and local languages. Globalization needs to be pursued with tolerance and respect for the cultures that we come across. Being hastily judgmental could lead to marginalizing many local cultures. Scientific and economic superiority of the US and the flow of information technology assist in imposing certain languages in particular English as a number language in some developing and developed countries, and as a first language in some others and this could have a significant impact on cultures numbering in the dilution if not wiping out traditions, customs, and values of many societies and marginalizes their culture s (Appadurai, 1996).4.2.1. Cultural imperialismPeople are scared of cultural imperialism, which describes the idea that one day the all world will be one big culture and that the blending of cultures will eliminate the pull throughence of the weaker ones and fusion the habits and customs of the stronger ones. In state for this to happen, there must be an eradication of many different cultures around the world, but in a personal perspective, the idea of cultural imperialism is not possible (Appadurai, 1996). heretofore if all the weakest cultures adopted important habits, people would still prefer some of the things their culture proportions.4.2.2. McDonaldsMore than half of the Colombians would never prefer a Mc Donald lunch over a real advanced sancocho trifsico and the American culture has a higher possibility to choose the other way around, due to the fact that a lot of people can only afford to eat at Mc Donalds because of its low prices in their country. This is why in a w ay it is clear that even if cultural imperialism were to happen, the cultures of the world would never be able to come together to form just one. Besides, there is no undercover thatglobalization is an uneven process, due to the fact that there is an unequal distribution of benefits and losses and this is another argument that demonstrates that many cultures differ(Peterson, 1999). This imbalance, also leads to the separation between the blue countries, and the deplorable ones causing them to be more against the beliefs of the rich countries, and more protective of their own.Positive cultural understanding of the market is a way to facilitate any marketing program development and resumes in a higher success for the manager that applies this, but some managers confuse themselves believing that marketing influences culture exclusively (Appadurai, 1996). In a way, this is true but this does not mean it flips it even though product acceptance is affected by culturally based attitud es towards change. there are a few things to take into consideration when thinking that culture is in constant change with marketing. There is a term called corporate culture, which describes the consentient collection of assumptions, practices and norms that people in an organization adopt over succession.This means that employees have to buy into them, eventually acquire to the point where they take them for granted and passes them on. (Bauman, 1998) This term is interesting because all of the companies have their own internal culture that is always bargaining with the culture of its home country and many managers confuse themselves trying to change their national cultures for that of their company without any success, thinking in that idea that market can change culture. Experts in organization behavior say it is difficult to diversify any kind of culture independent if it is a national culture or a corporate one, but the corporate culture is more pliant in terms of the way they do things internally and that a manager must understand this in order to obtain success.4.3. Globalization and developing countriesGlobalization has serious effects on many developing countriesa. The irresponsible behavior of some multinational corporations toward the environment of developing countries (using these countries as a safe haven) combat-ready in this phenomenon could cause much harm to the latter. Due to lenient policing, expired products are dangerously marketed and natural surroundings are carelesslyabused. So globalization in this context changes the world to become a global pillage instead of being a global village. Besides due to lack of supervisory governmental bodies, such behaviour could also lead to Global Warming -the consequences of which will not be limited only to the marginalized nations (Cosgrove-Sacks, 1999).b. The real streamlet to globalization is through its success in reducing the possible action between the rich and the slimy at local, nat ional and global levels. However the vastning gap between the East and the West at international level, and between haves and have-nots at national level is another serious aspect of globalization (Peterson, 1999).c. Globalization has agonistic many countries in various parts of this world to regulate to a lower league the most lineamental needs of their peoples. The equitable distribution of food, competent health care facilities, and the quality of education are no longer priority concerns the semipolitical agendas of the governments in these countries (Roberts, 1999).All these indicate that poor societies in the terzetto world not only keep on far away from benefiting from globalization, but also they continue to suffer from its calamities, pitfalls and misfortunes. It then contributes to laying the foundation of injustices and social inequalities, and and preventing the growth of new markets in these countries because they are unable to compete with the advanced markets .Globalization can also be bad for countries that arent very good at producing things and are too impoverished. Their industries may need protection against multinational firms so that their local industries can develop and get big enough to fund research and development and exploit economies of scale. Globalization means the world seemly one big marketplace with as few trade barriers as possible, so obviously weaker companies would be wiped out by stronger ones, which might be based in a few rich countries. So great income inequality can result. However, it is generally agreed that globalization has more pros than it has cons.4.4. Globalization and moralsThe immoral character of globalization is becoming even more serious and its negative impacts in this context have different aspects.Globalization has internationalized evils. Drug trafficking and the trafficking of women and children have become much more difficult to control because of their international character. Not only cr imes are globalized, but also diseases such as AIDS. Pornography too accounts for the poisoning of young minds and counter productive usage of technology. This has lead to extend in crimes against women and setoff of unhealthy trends in society(Perlas, 1999).4.5. Globalization and international politicsBy increasing interdependence among countries, globalization would give economically strong and advanced countries a strong hold on international politics. However this power could be misused by superpowers which could possibly challenge international legitimacy through marginalizing the role of the coupled Nations and ignoring the international law (Baylis, 2001).4.6. Globalization and societal structuresThe free economy and the development of technology have negative impact on labourers. As know, twenty shareage of the world population is producing the needs of all population in this world, while most of the rest 80% are unable to find a suitable source of income. This is serio us because underprivileged people are expected to revolt against their bad conditions (Perlas, 1999). This is possible with the growing decline of states power to the favour of private sectors, on one hand, and to the growing decrease of the governmental expenditures on social and public services such as heath, education etc., on the other. In this, globalization is a source of social instableness and class disparity.4.6.1. Inequalities within societyIt is difficult to fully understand inequalities within society without fully understanding that in our capitalist societies, nothing happens unless it is profitable and that profit is usually achieved through the battle back of others surrounding it.The leading corporate empires and some of the richest people in our worlds history have achieved their successes through the blood, sweat and tears of the unnamable workers that have helped in the past, and are helping them today (Bauman, 1998). The following essay will critically assess the usefulness of the blame globalism approach as to why there exist so many inequalities in our society, and this essay will also give ear upon alternative points of view that steer away from capitalism as the main problem (Peterson, 1999).Inequality in society is quite extensive and it continues to grow. Different ways exist when portraying inequality and where it is rooted from, some views are fact based logic and some are more opinion based. Most of the time our initial views of what inequality is and where it seems to exist most, comes from the infomercials we see where images of poor children in third world countries strike across our televisions. Outside the western hemisphere of the world in the poorer countries there certainly is a visible inequality when compared to life here at home, but this has been the case for so many years (Perlas, 1999). One of the major modern inequalities creating a history of its own for people in the future to look back upon is how our own cap italist society continues to divide the rich and the poor at a fast rate and a greater division as every year passes.4.7. Globalization materializing human natureGlobalization has also popularized a consumer culture among people due to the flow of goods and products. Since the desire to consume more and more can never really be satisfied, the consumer becomes addicted to obtain to a point where the spiritual, moral and intellectual dimensions of his/her personality do not grow or develop. These are actually due to the business corporations, which produce the wide array of consumer goods and the media which advertise them. In fact this trend has also resulted in higher levels of dissatisfaction despite breakd lifestyles due to never-ending wants (Bauman, 1998).4.7.1. sexual urge issueGender is essential to modern globalization in manufacturing because it has been discuss at a variety of joint degrees to see if assembly-line workers are to influence global factory regimes andimprov e the quality of their jobs. This knowledge is made a power by workers in that they are able to build effective networks of resistance and resistance centers on issues of human rights, labor rights, gender identities, and indigenous identities (Brysk, 2004). Economic oppression caused by the globalization of markets and industries keeps women poor. Around the world, women are paid less than men even when they have interchangeable jobs to male counterparts. Often women are demoted to lower paid positions and then unable to advance.When companies such as factories are privatized, women are the fist to be let go because employers assume that their income is an appendage the income earned by the male head of household. Single, unemployed mothers are one of the largest groups of potential trafficking victims (Brysk, 2004). All of these issues force women into the gray, semi-legal economy, or even worse, the ignominious market in an effort to support themselves and their families. Incre ased globalization is what causes this oppression for women through trade, travel and the movements of bills both legal and illegal become swift and much less able to be regulated and trafficking is made easier due to these factors.4.7.2. Human rights violationThe effect of globalization on state-based human rights violations depends on the fictitious character of state and its history. Countries that are newly democratizing with weak institutions and elite-controlled economies, such as Russia, Latin America, and Southeast Asia, the growth of global markets and economic flows tends to weaken coercive forces but maturation crime, police abuse, and corruption (Brysk, 2004). Global mobility and information flows generally lead to ethnic mobilization, which may promote self-rule in more open states but mostly it produces abuses in defense of dominant-group control.Alternatively, the same forces have produced slow institutional openings by single-party states, like China and Mexico ( Brysk, 2004). In much of Africa, globalization has increased the power void, by both empowering and providing intervention, which displace old governments without combining new ones. Some of the most horrifying abuses of human rights happened in the international civil wars of Sierra Leone, Angola, and the Congo (Brysk, 2004).4.8. Globalization and prosperityGlobalization poses serious questions aboutpeace and prosperity Could the implementation of free market principle globally enhance international peace and shelter or prevents wars, as globalists argue? Prosperity, welfare and economic progress which market economy is expected to achieve could enhance or create some opportunities for political stability but it does not necessarily ensure peace or social stability (Brueggemann, 2006). It is true that market economy has contributed to social and political stability in liberal states and to peace among them, but it does the opposite in many developing countries. Asian economic cris is of 1997 is a case in point.The free market forces allowed manipulators to control stock markets and to transfer large amount of money just to maximize their profits, while they were destroying the economies of many Asian countries (Baylis and Smith, 2001). Indeed these activities have destroyed the social structures of those societies, and furthermore, created what might be called potential social unrests in the region. That is why globalization in its current formula does not necessarily ensure social and political stability.4.9. Globalization and EnvironmentCapitalism is mainly about the overall accumulation of wealth based upon the consumption of our satellites natural resources and these resources are becoming more and more strictly limited. We as one face the universal environmental problem existing that we are consuming roughly twenty-five percent more than the Earth can give us each year. Our satellite needs these natural resources such as trees for example that continue to give our planets ecosystem clean air and water that we all need to survive daily.4.9.1. PollutionWe are exceeding the amount of pollution that our environment can handle. fluff products that give off carbon dioxide emissions into the air are now much more than our planet is able to absorb and deal with without having serious affects for both our planets health and our own. These carbon dioxide emissions are also the leading cause of our climate change referred to as global warming. Even though international agreements exist to prevent global warming by affectively fighting it, there truly needs to be than just marketing principles to achieve overall compliance from everyone (Cosgrove-Sacks, 1999). There has to be set in stoneprinciples that turn standard to every leading employer that threats the environmental crisis, and they need to feel as if they cannot just continue doing what they are doing by paying a fine here and there.There are many developing nations still needing to grow economically themselves but in order for them to achieve their goals, the richer countries such as ours here in the western hemisphere, we will need to reduce the usages of natural resources in order to balance things out expeditiously (Cosgrove-Sacks, 1999). This is highly unlikely to happen as we continue to use more and more resources each and every year that passes now. If everyone in the world lived like we do over here, we would need around five planets to simply provide the necessary natural resources needed to survive.4.9.2. Environmental technologiesTechnology that is more efficient and cleaner will not necessarily solve the environmental issues at hand either. Even though these new innovations seem to be the ideology that if we do things cleaner than everything will be okay, this is not the answer to the question of sustainability. Many areas of the world that were or still are leading polluters have began to go about their work more efficiently by adapting cleaner t echnology but it still does not change the fact countries such as the United States consume far more material goods and end up using more of the planets limited natural resources (Roberts, 1999). There is always another issue behind another and it becomes very difficult to address everything at once successfully. However, without a solution to these problems our planets climate will continue to die (Peterson, 1999).The only way for globalism to move forward successfully would be for it to make a change from exploiting out natural resources such as air and water and to protect them as common wealth trusts of humanities. They could belong to everybody and we would have the power to limit the use of scarce resources, charge rent, and pay dividends to everyone.Continuous economical growth can go on as long it becomes environmentally friendly with efficient technologies being adopted and if the economies steer away from producing material goods and begin to move towards services, sustai nable prosperity iswhat this is known as. Sustainable prosperity as the global use of resources and methods of dealing with wastes would not exceed the planets capacity to regenerate and absorb. True prosperity can only come if the income disparity between the rich and poor shortens (Brueggemann, 2006).4.10. Globalization and povertyWealth is created through labor. This labor comes from the people who are not getting rich from the company of which they are working for. Workers dedicate hours of labor work and most of their lives working with a companys means of performance such as machinery and building things. The company owners themselves are not out there building a house, driving a bus, or selling vacuums, yet they are getting practically all of the profit and do not do the hard work themselves. They simple own the means of production. This unfair sort of money pyramid is the bases of pretty much all major money leading companies and it is the system that creates rich and poor and continues to do so much more all the time (Bauman, 1998).4.10.1. InequalitiesOnce this basic realization is understood, it is easier to see how inequalities within the oppressed classes relate to this as well. For poor people in places like Africa and similar circumstances countries, their struggle is mainly a result of the capitalists not caring about them, because there is no profit to be made out of their labour. What worsens the views and opinions people have on capitalists even more is not that they are exploiting the poor, but it is that they are not exploited them at all. These poor people are irrelevant to capitalist production and therefore capitalists truly do not care if they live or die, eat or starve, the capitalists simple are not concerned. In fact in some cases, capitalists would most likely love if the poor would just die out, so then they could stop pretending to care (Perlas, 1999).Bosses have used all sorts of divisions in the past to attempt to increase the inequalities and drive down working conditions. However, through the years there has been an increasing amount of workers coming together to fight these inequalities. There once existed a time when racism, sexism, and youth wages played more than just a small factor in working wages, but infact made up most of the inequalities within our society. With so much success as time progresses, workers continue to unite to challenge globalists (Peterson, 1999). With progressions of equality such as these in our capitalist society, there are certainly other views that do not blame globalism for all the poor in the world, in fact some may even say hat globalism helps people instead of causing societal negativities.4.10.2. Decrease in living standards of peopleThese types of smaller scenarios make up the theory of equal opportunity. Poorer families not having the education, health care, or typical social skills which are created by being raised in a decent home, are at a lesser advantage than others whom were raised in a middle class family (Robertson, 1992). This makes it clear to see how people and families remain poor over decades and through generation and as the prices of things climb, these people get even more left behind. It is not necessarily the fault of capitalism, just the result of many, many growing up situations being the same. However, when people then begin to bite onto this theory and give globalism the benefit of the doubt in situations, people then turn around and say it was globalism in the first place long back many years ago that caused that family to be poor.Then as decades passed, these poor families never got out of the downward slope of things and globalism started it all (Brysk, 2004). It is not a simple task to pin point exactly where inequality was derived from in the beginning, it is easier to see where it still exists now. For every positive thing brought to light regarding globalizm, there seems to be an opposing view whether fact of opi nion that then blames it again. Globalizm and inequalities in society continue to move around as one, even if possibly they were never one in the beginning and globalisms original intention was never to create a gap as large as the one is today between the rich and poor (Brysk, 2004).5. CONCLUSIONThe affects of globalization can be endless. States in the US can see impacts both good and harmful due to manufacturing of export goods. Economically, globalization can be positive when it benefits commerce and can contribute to an increase in the standard of living. Also, when developing nations being to grow wealthier is can lead to social prosperity. On the other hand globalization can be seen as a negative. When it acts ascorporate imperialism, the global issues of environment, gender, and human rights are abused. This is due to the growth of markets, internationally, where economic movements tend to aid the deterioration of protective forces which increase crime levels, and abuse of p olicies. Depending on how globalization is approached it can negatively or positively affect socializations, but one thing s for sure it brings change.6. REFERENCESAppadurai, Arjun, Modernity at large cultural dimensions of globalization, Minneapolis, Minn. 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