Illegal logging

Il legitimate enterIntroductionIllegal log is unrivalled of the galore(postnominal) causes of deforestation and is one of the worlds close pressing environmental riddles (Chatham House, 2009 EIA, 2008). It is fuelled substantially by a astronomical and indiscriminate planetary commercialize demand for cheap musical none and musical note products (EIA, 2008). While poverty, economical collapse, provincial autonomy and m any other factors to a fault contribute to this degree of rainforest destruction, rot is at the core of the problem (P new-fangled 1) (EIA Telapak, 2005). Previously, for the most part, within the transnationalistic community in that location has been ambivalence regarding iniquitous put d sustain and craftsmanship and destruction of tropical rainforests (Cock, 2008). This unlawful practice has precisely come to the attention of the worldwide community in the past hardly a(prenominal) decades (Cock, 2008 EIA, 2008). Efforts to engagement ill egitimate record and disdain swallow started to become a policy priority across the globe and foreign initiatives have been effected (EIA, 2008 Glastra, 1999). OutlineThis paper allow for consider the international retort to smuggled record and sell and whether that re achievement has been successful. The discussion lead commence by defining misbranded record and other related terms. The analysis will then focus on a brief overview of the occurrence of this extramarital practice and the environmental, social and economic issues associated. The next part of the essay will discuss what the international answer to culpable logging and sh be is and its authorisation using some key examples. Finally, demarcation lines on entropy and recommendations for future dos will be discussed and the main arguments of this account summarised. DefinitionsIllegal logging is the practice in which loggers, millers, and transporters go against national laws to harvest, mill, and tran sport flavour and wood products lawlessly, or done corrupt practices (Rhodes, Allen Callahan, 2006). The outlaw(prenominal) passel of step stinkpot involve exportation or resulting tree species prohibited under(a) national or international law lumber or timber products in rape of national bans the unauthorized movement of timber across borders and the movement of outlaw(prenominal)ly logged timber from forest to market (Callister, 1999). foreign initiatives ar a response to the growing concern of non-governmental agencies, the public, the scientific community and governments about important issues and apprize include the formation or alteration to organizations, official forums, action plans and multitudes (Glastra, 1999). An international organisation attempts to govern the global political economy in similitude to some key issue and imposes order through pressures and restraints (Emadi-Coffin, 2002). An international convention is a legally binding agreement to a ny country that signs it, in which the machineation of national policy or legislation is required to accomplish the objectives of the convention (Glastra, 1999).Overview of Illegal Logging and Trade Illegal logging involves the removal of large and valuable trees from primary forests, which, creates secondary forests, can found forests to a greater extent susceptible to fires, and facilitates the exploitation of the forests for other uses (Dauvergne, 2001). Factors which aid vile logging and conduct can include undue political influence, silly government policies, and poor enforcement systems (Glastra, 1999). The causes of sinful logging can encompass misguided community views that illegal logging is not a criminal or harmful activity, over-complex restrictive government frameworks, deprivation of government willingness or capacity to enforce the law, and depravity ( remit 1) (Tacconi, 2007). Illegal logging is driven largely by the profit it generates (Tacconi, 2007). c ircumstance Illegal logging occurs across the globe and is estimated to affect approximately cardinal countries (Tacconi, 2007). It has contributed to an increase in the rate of deforestation worldwide, oddly in the globes most densely forested areas, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Asia, South America, and Central and westbound Africa (Rhodes, Allen Callahan, 2006). Illegal timber is also exported from Laos, the Philippines, India, and Thailand (Glastra, 1999). Table 2, below, shows estimates of illegal logging and handle in various countries. Impacts and IssuesIllegal logging and trade can lead in a range of negative ecological, economic and social impacts (Callister, 1999). environmental costs may comprise of accelerated soil erosion, and illegal logging in protected areas (Callister, 1999). The practice also drives global forest degradation, deforestation and the loss of biodiversity (Dauvergne, 2001 EIA, 2008). Social issues that are caused by this illegal activity can include land use conflicts, restricted access to food and on local use of timber and large scale job losings (Callister, 1999). Additionally, it is a threat to governments regulatory mechanisms, undermines legislation, and can lead to a humor of lawlessness and corruption (Glastra, 1999). It can also provide the financial resources to digest rogue regimes, help finance civil wars and undermine democratic reforms (Rhodes, Allen Callahan, 2006). Associated economic impacts can include vast economic loss for the producer country, decline of resource capacity and marginalisation other stakeholders (Glastra, 1999). Illegal logging and trade can also depress the market value of timber, and disadvantage those companies and countries that learn in legal logging and trade (Rhodes, Allen Callahan, 2006). The external ResponseIn the 1970s and 1980s, legion(predicate) international initiatives and organisations were proposed which funded projects aimed at promoting reforms t o forest governing in response to growing public awareness of logging and deforestation (Cock, 2008). During the late 1980s and 1990s the international agenda was focused on issues such as conservation and reforestation (Cock, 2008). More recently, however, worry the international communitys pare to slow forest loss ,the focus has shifted to market-based instruments, environmental certificate, public policy, set to reflect the scarcity of timber resources, promotion of efficient use and international monitoring systems (Cock, 2008 EIA, 2008 Geist Lambin, 2002). Climate change and the worries about increased carbon in the atmosphere have also led to greater concern, as forests back away 45% of terrestrial carbon (EIA, 2008). Western consumer societies create a market for the trade of illegally logged timber, which in turn causes further degradation (Geist Lambin, 2002). Table 3 reveals estimates of the illegal proportion of wood products imported by many countries, even in t hose countries who have adopted legislation or black-tie agreements to exclude illegal material. in that location are a wide manakin of international initiatives that target illegal logging and which will be discussed below. International Law Currently, in that respect is no one international instrument knowing to suppress the trade of illegal timber (Schloenhardt, 2008). For the most part, current instruments under international law are agreements that are designed to protect the environment and promote sustainable use of resources (Schloenhardt, 2008). At present, there is an absence of legal liability for private businesses that cause environmental damage, no offence of illegal logging in international law, and the trafficking and sale of illegally obtained timber is not criminalised in any treaty (Glastra, 1999 Schloenhardt, 2008). at that place is a inquire to arm legislation that protects forests and increase penalties for infractions (Glastra, 1999). Many internationa l treaties and organisations have veritable frameworks that partially regulate, control and limit to some extent, the international trade of timber (Schloenhardt, 2008). International Initiatives In relation to illegal logging and trade, there are numerous international agreements, treaties, organisations and conventions that exist under international law. They can be pertain with the conservation and protection of individual species, the preservation of specific areas or habitats, protection of biodiversity, and may focus on sustainable development (Schloenhardt, 2008). Glastra (1999) offered the opinion that more often than not, international conventions appear to act as an excuse. Cock (2008) claims that the applications of policy, reforms or other international initiatives have had little effect in slowing forest loss. The following examples demonstrate the general lack of effectiveness of many international response mechanisms. The Convention on Biological Diversity was esta blished in 1992, with 168 signatories (Fisher, 2003). Signatories are required to limit activities that threaten extinction of species or degradation of ecosystems, such as forests, within their territory, and are expected to rehabilitate and restore discredited ecosystems as well as create and enforce laws and regulations (Glastra, 1999). Schloenhardt (2008) comments that the convention has been criticised for world largely ambitious, achieving little practical outcomes, that it does not effectively contribute to suppressing the illegitimate timber trade. Glastra (1999) notes that the convention fails to deal with some elements that are specific for forests, and as such, additional protocols should be added. Little progress has also been made to implement national policy and legislation for this convention and this poor implementation as well as lacking enforcement needs to be telephoneed (Glastra, 1999). Conversely, Sayer and Maginnis (2005) press that the convention has contr ibuted to the development of current strategies for sustainable forest management and that it has promoted both key principles, that forest management must be a emergence of societal choice and that it must be developed as utmost as possible to local stakeholders. Overall, this response mechanism appears to have negligible effectiveness. The Forestry Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG) conference was held in Bali in 2001, and focused particularly on how to combat illegal logging (Tacconi, 2007). The responding EU FLEG and Trade action plan is said to be a positive step onward (House of common environmental size up committal, 2009). However, the progress is slow, there is still no timber on the market that is EU FLEGT approved, and some countries pursing EU FLEGT unbidden Partnership Agreements (VAP) are making negligible progress (House of cat valium environmental Audit Committee, 2009). The effectiveness of many of these agreements is questionable, such as in Indonesia, since there has been inconsiderable subsequent implementation or follow-up and they do not include able sanctions for countries not taking part or not making adequate progress (Chatham House, 2009 House of Commons environmental Audit Committee, 2009). These voluntary agreements do not hook trade through 3rd party countries, do not cover all timber producing countries and may legitimise destructive practises and will not be sufficient alone to reduce illegal logging significantly at a global level. (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009) Cameroon, however, has demonstrated a political committedness to tacking illegal logging and trade through negotiating a FLEGT VPA with the EU and respondents to a Chatham House survey were positive regarding the level of international co-operation shown by the government with more than half agreeing that the level of Cameroons international cooperation was good (Chatham House, 2009). The FLEGT VAP course of instruction seems to be having some effect in selected countries. The International Tropical note Organisation (ITTO) and Agreement (ITTA) were introduced in the late 1980s (Cock, 2008). The ITTA was originally designed as a commodity agreement with an environmental clause that allowed it to address the issue of sustainable logging (Cock, 2008). Its ability to address illegal logging has been restricted by a lack of authority and resources (Cock, 2008). Additionally, the ITTOs budget has generally been small and based on voluntary contributions with disagreements frequently occurring between its restrained and tropical members (Cock, 2008). Glastra (1999) states that the ITTO debilitates its target to ensure that all internationally traded tropical timber originates from forests that are sustainably managed by not financial backing or accepting import bans on illegally exported or sourced timber. somewhat non-governmental organisations consider association with the ITTO insensible as it has neithe r successfully reformed the timber trade, nor established any mechanism to accomplish reform (Glastra, 1999). Schloenhardt (2008) points out that a number of documents, such as guidelines regarding sustainable forest management, have been produced but the organisation has failed to do anything considerable in relation to illegal timber trade.Forest proof and the promotion of sustainable logging have been suggested as alternatives to conventions and organisations (Cock, 2008). However, while the subject is good in theory, it is not as effective in the real number world as it does not deliver on the ground (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). Documents of security can be forged and corruption in some countries can allow enfranchisement to be granted when the timber has not come from legal or sustainable logging practices (EIA, 2008). In 2008 in the UK, the EIA conducted an experiment in which sixteen random retailers exchange merbau (a timber which is associa ted with a high degree of illegality) were called and researchers who posed as customers comprise that none could provide any evidence that their timber was legal (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). However, these schemes do increase awareness of and generate an interest in the issue of illegal logging, highlighting to companies that they need to take action on illegal timber (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). Schloenhardt (2008) states that certification would assist in identifying legal products and that electronic certification systems would facilitate this certification effectively. This response may be effective if there were highly developed monitoring systems in place. Strengths, Limitations and Recommendations Strengths and LimitationsThere are some limitations with the current data regarding the extent and occurrence of illegal logging and trade. Data provided by many producer countries may be misleading as it is subject to corrupti on, lack of resources, weak identification of illegal products, difficulty with monitoring remote areas and a lack of transparency (Schloenhardt, 2008). Also, much of the data available is in the form of estimates, as the majority of research is limited to examining the process of the licit timber trade, legislative frameworks and environmental issues (Schloenhardt, 2008). The House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee (2009) supports this claim, insisting that reliable statistics on illegal activities, such as illegal logging and trade are difficult to gather and quantify. The available info on illegal logging is mostly limited to sources of non-governmental and some intergovernmental organisations, and not from academic research (Schloenhardt, 2008). Discrepancies with the data were also found between sources and there are issues with the definitions of illegal timber varying between countries (Schloenhardt, 2008). Another limitation is regarding international law as conventi ons and agreements are usually based on good faith, with enforcement in the form of pressure from the international community, naming and shaming and on rare occasions, economic sanctions (Fisher, 2003). Present international responses to illegal logging and trade have had some success in a few countries, such as in Madagascar and Cameroon (Chatham House, 2009). The pressure exerted by the international community and the growing awareness that is promoted by international actions can, as in the case of Madagascar, gestate governments in producing and consuming nations to adopt beneficial policy and legislation (Butler, 2010). round progress has been made with producer countries, with major consumer countries of timber and timber products impuissance to close their markets to illicit wood (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). RecommendationsThere are a number of recommendations available regarding the reduction of illegal logging and trade. Further research is req uired into the trade and trade paths of illegal logging (Schloenhardt, 2008). However as Geist Lambdin (2002) have shown, illegal logging on its own is not as significant a cause of deforestation, compared to agricultural expanding upon or technological factors. It may be more appropriate to address significant forest loss issues and target the underlying and proximate causes of deforestation, alternatively than signalling out illegal logging. Alternatively, instead of trying to curb the trade of illegal timber, it may be more prudent to directly address the causes of illegal logging, which will in turn reduce the trade of illicit timber. The EIA (2008) states that to successfully combat this illegal practice, there must be in-country forest governance and international trade policies that are consistent with the goal of reducing drivers of deforestation. opposite alternatives may include payment incentives to reward reforestation, afforestation and avoided deforestation (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). Additionally, clearing external debt of countries that are major producers of illegal timber may provide a pathway to eliminate concessions and subsidies related to timber and timber products (McCarthy, 2002). Another solution may be to make it an unambiguous offence to import, sell or possess illegal wood. International agreements should have their statuses raised to protect them from being weakened by global trade agreements, the environment should be given precedence over free trade and an international system should be implemented that can restrict, control and make transnational and private operators legally accountable for their illegal operations (Glastra, 1999). import countries should be encouraged to implement measures and processing countries, such as chinaware and Malaysia, need to establish agreements and enter into legally binding mechanisms (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). Not all major consumer countries have agreements in place. The US implemented an amendment to the Lacey Act only recently in 2008 which prohibits the import of illegal timber and allows for prosecution of violations either through civil, criminal or forfeit provisions (Chatham House, 2009). While the UK and Australian governments have been proactive in supporting measures against illegal logging and trade, there has been no tangible progress in implementation of any measures (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). Glastra (1999) concludes that as longsighted as there is illegal logging, sustainable forestry management cannot occur and that the unwillingness of some governments to address key underlying causes, will prevent strategies to combat illegal logging and trade from being effective. Conclusions Illegal logging and trade occurs across the globe and has numerous economic, environmental and social impacts. International response to this illicit practice has occurred only recently, from the 1970s onward. Currently, this response is not sufficient enough to properly address, prevent and suppress illegal logging and trade. Some measures are having positive impacts in selective countries, however on the big scale, more needs to be done. Further research and alternate actions are required to achieve significant reductions in illegal logging and trade. There isnt and never will be a quick fix to illegal logging and trade. Successful solutions will undoubtedly be complex, and will need to target multiple levels of issues and have long term application.

Chemistry Essays Saline & Fluids in the Body

alchemy Essays Saline & Fluids in the BodySaline and FluidsUsing salty as an example, outline the importance of solutions in the eubstance and what is the concentration of normal saline and how the concentration of saline is controlled in the frame and what effects on the cells an cast up in saline concentration would have.Our bodies are fifty tosixty percent carcass of pissing, which accordingly makes water an essential roving for ourbodies. The main transporting agent in our body is the cells, and solutions arenecessary to execute makes such asChemical balanceCirculation of bloodTransporting nutrients to the cells liquidation of wasterespirationThe main component ofthe blood, perspiration, saliva, mucus, lymphatic mobiles and digestive juicesis water. The situation of water as well as ensures the lubrication of the joints,that the muscles, skin, and organs is moisturized. The temperature of the bodyis also aided by water. twain thirds of water is situatedwithin the cells intracellular, and one third of water is found in the sitesbetween the cells interstitial and in the blood plasma. The composition ofsolutes in the intracellular and extracellular water can vary. A highconcentration of potassium ions is found in the intracellular cells, and a highconcentration of sodium and chloride ion is found in the extracellular cells.It is precarious to thesurvival of the human body that the accurate balance of fluids and salts ismaintained and the right pH acid balance. If the body loses fluids and salts,then evaporation can occur, and this can cause the concentration of salts toalter causing electrolyte imbalance.One of the mostimportant solutions in the body is saline, which is a solution consisting ofsodium chloride and distilled water. Salt plays a perilous function in the accurateoperation of the human body, as well as all otherwise forms of life. The averageperson contains about eight ounces of salt, which facilitates muscles to contract,digest ion to occur, the floe of blood, wounds to repair and fluids to beproperly adjust. A litre of isosmotic or normal (0.9%) saline contains 154mmol of NaCI, comparable to 9 g of salt or 3.6 g of sodium.The regulation of salineand water equilibrium in the body is an example of homeostasis. Homeostasis isthe preservation of balance, or constant conditions, in a biological organismby means of habitual mechanisms that neutralize influences tending towarddisequilibrium. The correct composition of extracellular fluids and watercontent in the body is maintained by the important role contend by the kidneys. Osmolarityis the amount of particles dissolved in a certain mass of fluid. Theosmolarity of fluid can be altered by the volume of fluid or by the quantity ofsolute molecules. In the duration of a day, the kidneys pull up stakes manage 180 litersof blood, and allow produce 1.5 liters of urine. The volume of water excreted bythe kidney is regulated by the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH als o referred toas vasopressin diuresis means water divergence and is therefore referred to as awater loss hormone.If the concentration offluid in the body drops infra normal, the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus leave behind recognize the resulting increase in osmolarity. ADH will be released bythe hypothalamus, in response to the change in osmolarity. The amount of fluidvolume lost moldiness be replaced by drinking additional fluid, thus ensuring thatosmolarity returns to equilibrium and acquire the fluid loss.If the concentration offluid in the body increases above normal, this will also modify the osmolarityof the circulating fluids. The decrease in osmolarity is regulated by thehypothalamus, which stops producing ADH. In the absence of ADH, the kidney permitsfluid loss from the body. The kidney consists of numerous nephrons in which itfilters solutions, and then selectively reabsorbs or secretes different plasmacomponents. The entire composition of the nutrient molecules and most of thewater will be reabsorbed, and returned to the bloodstream.The major extracellularsalt is NaCl. The levels of osmolarity of the circulating body fluids aredetermined by the sodium and the chloride content. The kidney establishes theconcentration of Na+ loss from the body (Cl or anadditional anion will proceed Na+, so if Na+ levels aremonitored anion levels counteract automatically). If there is inadequate Na+inside the body, this will be identified by the kidney, which commences acomplex series of events, established as the renin/angiotensin/aldosterone pathway.In response to a decreased concentration of Na+, the kidney dischargesrenin into the blood. Renin acts on a plasma protein, angiotensinogen ever-changingit into angiotensin IAngiotensin I is asubstrate for a changing enzyme, found widely in the lungs, which changes itinto angiotensin II. Angiotensin II has funny biological activity, causingthe release of aldosterone acting on the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone is aho rmone that operates on the kidney to master Na+ loss from thebody. Inversely, should there be an excess of Na+ in the body, adecrease in renin discharge will lead to a deterioration in the aldosterone concentrationsand an increase in Na+ deficiency in the urine. Variation in the Na+concentration is a protracted process than that of circulating fluid levels andmay require hours to days for completion.The obstacle between theextra and intra cellular compartments is known as the cell membrane. Watercan occur liberally through biological membranes but some(prenominal) solutes cannot. Whenone theatrical role has a larger concentration of solutes, the direction of the flow ofwater is from the section with the depleted concentration to the section withthe larger concentration. This process is known as osmosis. Osmosis is the migrationof water from an area of high water concentration through a semi-permeablemembrane to a region of low water concentration.In a hypotonic solutionof salin e, the concentration of the solute molecules outside the cells is lowerthan that the concentration of solutes inside the cell. This in turn willenable the water to diffuse into the cell, until equilibrium is established.This flow of water into the cell causes the cell to swell.References1. Stryer, L.Biochemistry (4th Edition). Freeman, unexampled York. 20002. Campbell,M.K. Biochemistry, (2nd Edition) Saunders College Publishing, 19953. Parsons, R.GCSE copy Science Biology Revision Guide Higher (GCSE Double Science)Coordination Group Publications (2001)4. Clancy, J.McVicar, A, Baird, N. Perioperative Practice Fundamentals of HomeostasisRoutledge, an imprint of Taylor Francis Books Limited (2002)5. Revise ASBiology (Revise AS Study Guide S.) Letts Educational Ltd (2004)6. Chiras, D.Human Biology Health, Homeostasis and the Environment Jones and BartlettPublishers International (1994)

Elderly Patient on Psychotic Depression ward

Elderly Patient on Psychotic picture defendIn this assignment I will be carrying come come place a Critical Incident Analysis on an ensuant pass watern from my portfolio that was encountered whilst in make organisation. This theatrical lineament of analysis was low gear engrossd to study flying missions by pilots, as a way of raising their carrying into follow up (Flanagan, 1954), in to a greater extent(prenominal) recent years Norman et al. (1992) and Perry (1997) depict this eccentric of analysis as cosmos an main(prenominal) and valid tool for function in maintain training, as it al commencements the student to choose and use an hazardal that make an affect on them, from their make proscribed view that was either corroboratory or negative, so that they ass analyse, radiate on and go finished from it, display their development as a practiti aner and a person whilst linking guess to put and sponsoring them move from novice to expert, as come e xtinctlined by Benner (1984) .Model apply for reproofFor the purpose of this assignment I socio-economic class selected the Gibbs (1988) reflective material model which is an iterative model meaning it is alternating(prenominal) in nature, the six points covered by this model ar cast the activity or experience in objective detail.Discuss and look any faces you were having at the conviction of the experience.Evaluate the experience What re in ally happened? What was goodness intimately it? What was bad? What factors contri saveed to the all the samet?Analyse the experience What good deal you learn from it?Conclusion What could you micturate d matchless differently? Anything you wish you had done? entreat you hadnt done?Action Plan What can you plan on doing in the future?(Bethann, 2004, p167)This is in addition the model I use in my portfolio as on with critical adventure analysis, it centres on reflective exercise, an essential science in care for approach patte rn allowing bits to be analysed in detail, identifying areas of potential switch over, Jasper (2003) and reinforcing the make for certain practices by high spot their benefits. I convertiblely find the tenacious, straight structure of this framework allows the reflection to be written clearly, providing opportunities to look at incidents from different perspectives.The Critical IncidentStages one and cardinal of Gibbs model of reflection are covered here, where the incident is set forth on with my odourings at the eon of the incident.I chose this contingent incident as it put me in a very challenging position where I had to think on my feet, it do me test my abilities as a communicator and a nurse under stress, whilst highlighting the importance of round of the more basic nursing techniques ilk non-verbal dialogue through and through hang, educating prompted roles to serving themselves, looking out for physical signs that can point a persevering is in dist ress and how working closely with a patient can earn their place whilst building up the healing(predicate) relationshipIn order to keep the patient and the practice placement confidential, as indicated in the NMC Code of Professional Conduct (2002) and the N.M.C. guide for students (2002), the practice placement is kept anonymous and the patient will be referred to as tom tur primal. The patients consent was in like manner obtained, as it is the patients responsibility to choose whether or not they wish details to be written roughly them, highlighted by Johnston and Slowther (2003) in addition outlined in region 3.7 of the N.M.C Code of conduct (2002) with reference to patients who expect from mental illness.The patient, tom a 72 year old man, was admitted to my practice placement suffering from Psychotic depression and misgiving, my placement is at a Psychiatric admissions ward, for patients over sixty five years old.On assisting tom with his activities of daily living (A.D.Ls), (Roper et al, 1980) after, rising one Monday morning, It became apparent when helping tomcat dress that his right arm was make him pain, in the area of his right shoulder, I relayed this to the nursing staff who explained gobbler had fallen unobserved on the Friday nighttime and had been keep an eye onn by the twist who on examination matte no other investigations were needed.On only discussion about his arm and the fall, betwixt myself and Tom, he counterbalancetually admitted to having in like manner fallen on the Sunday night and had not told anyone about it, once I had explained this to the nursing staff the Doctor was again consulted and felt that Tom should fool an X-ray to rule out any broken bones.I accompanied Tom as an pick up to the x-ray department where he became increasingly agitated, anxious and was mumbling to himself with neurotic content of speech evident, concerning the N.H.S. which had not been k directn about, as Tom had just now recent ly been admitted, he felt they (the N.H.S) were divergence to cause him, bodily imperfection (a persecutory delusion Gamble Brennan, 2003) due to his doing them out of money when he was younger, I did my best to give constant reassurance that I would not let anyone malign him, solely when several(prenominal)one holds a delusional belief it can be very firmly in-chief(postnominal)tained and difficult to dissuade from, in particular when they are in a state of high anxiety like Tom, as indicated in Stuart and Laraia (2001). I was quite worried about how the concomitant was going and that I might be out of my depth as I did not know Tom very well and felt a fine awkward severe to reas accepted someone who was this distressed, whole toneing I was doing little or no good for him.After he had his x-ray and I was assisting him to get dressed in the x-ray stand the Radiologist came in and told us that Toms shoulder was broken and that we would need to go round to disaster to b e seen by a Doctor there.This countersign made Toms direct of terror escalate considerably and he began to have a brat attack in the cellular phone, most likely a situationally predisposed holy terror attack, which occurs on exposure to a situational cue or trigger (DSM-4) Tom had become quite pale and began to perspire profusely, along with his cellular respiration be advent very shallow and rapid to the point that he was panting, I make it quite distressing to see Tom in this chassis.I had never encountered someone quite as solicitudeked as this and I felt quite concerned. I thought calling out for someone to help might only threat him more, so I decided to try some duncical ventilation exercises to relax and quiet him vote down first, past if that did not work I would seek help. I knew from reading Toms notes that he did not have a heart condition or other health problem that would have been causing these symptoms and it had been save that Tom suffered from panic a ttacks, although I was put away watchful for any change in his symptoms that might indicate an alternative medical reason for his condition. ab initio I sat beside Tom with my arm around him, asking him to homecoming slow deep breaths, alone with his take of panic and no midpoint cope with meant he was not concentrating on me, so I knelt down on the floor in front of him took his hands, spoke to him gently further firmly using his name and with direct eye contact got him to revolve around on what we were doing.I explained his symptoms were due to his panic attack and the alive exercises we were doing would help relax him, calm him down and make him feel better. Tom started to abide by and began with my instruction, breathing in slowly through his nose attri just nowe it for a moment then breathing out slowly through his mouth.In a relatively short time his breathing began takeing to customary and he started to relax, enabling us to go on to the casualty department to se e about his shoulder. In the casualty department Tom still required reassurance not only verbally but to a fault with attain as he asked me to hold his hand, bringing home the importance of this unbiased yet significant form of non-verbal communication and despite needing another brief set of relaxation breathing in the casualty cubicle Tom was notably calmer.I felt privileged that he had put his effronteryfulness in me and that we had moved on further in our therapeutic relationship, as while waiting in casualty Tom who had hardly transmit to anyone let alone myself, began discussing how scared he had been and talked about some of his delusional beliefs, which helped me empathise with how terrified he must have been. I was also able to discuss what Tom told me with the qualified nurses on return to the ward giving a deeper insight into his condition.Critical Discussion of the IncidentFor this section of the Critical Incident Analysis points three and four of Gibbs reflectiv e framework are covered, allowing me to look at what was good and bad about the incident along with contributing factors (Gibbs 1988), I am going to discuss, analyze and reflect upon three key issues Panic attacks, the relaxation technique of Deep breathing and Touch therapy, that were encountered during the incident and that I felt were of significant importance.Panic attacksI felt this topic was primal to the critical incident as it is a common condition closely linked to anxiety which a undischarged number of mental health patients experience often along with their main diagnosis but most usually alongside depression as in Toms case, Clayton (1990) and Merikangas et al (1996) stated that comorbidity between panic and depression is the maven strongest type of anxiety-mood comorbidity found in twain treatment and in the prevalent public. Panic attacks are often talked about and get on in patient notes but this critical incident brought home for me how absolutely terrifying a nd solely debilitating the panic attack was for Tom and how distressing it can be to witness a patient in this condition.Anxiety is a frequent healthy re proceeding to the stresses of everyday life as suggested by Trevor Powel (2001) and even essential for us to perform at our best as Yerkes-Dodsons honor (1908) explains, illustrated in the graph below. Here levels of anxiety are referred to as foreplay and a direct correlation to performance is demonstrated, it tells us that if we have low levels of arousal then our performance becomes decreased (distress, as introduced by Seyle (1956)), at medium levels our performance levels peak (eustress as severalised by Seyle (1956)) and when our arousal levels become high our performance levels and subsequent superpower to function driblet again (resulting in distress) as seen in Toms situation.(Yerkes Dodson 1908)Peplau (1963) defined anxiety in four levelsMild anxiety- everyday life stress.Moderate anxiety- Immediate concerns focu sed on, with narrowed perceptual field, although able to function when necessary.Severe anxiety- Greatly rock-bottom perceptual with difficulty focusing on anything except what is causing anxiety.Panic- someone feels terror, dread as is unable to reason with the threat causing anxiety blown out of all proportion, making it almost impossible to communicate or function, with little or no hold back over themselves causing panic attack.Toms anxiety level was clearly at the panic stage which cannot be allowed to continue in by all odds as being in a panic attack state is not compatible with living, as described by Stuart and Laraia (2001), who believe if prolonged can result in list exhaustion or in extreme cases even death.Panic attacks affect between 3 and 5 percent of the population at some point in their lives (Lynch E, 2005). The findings of an American study carried out this year showed that plenty suffering from panic attacks account for around 25% of those attending casualt y departments or G.Ps. (Ham, P. et al, 2005) often having trouble breathing seemlyly as found with Tom, with most people suffering from panic attacks, stating hyperventilation as being one of their main symptoms (Holt and Andrews, 1989), or with patients believing they are having a heart attack.Toms panic attack was mainly evident by the physical symptoms he displayed, described previously, physiological symptoms often being the only visible signs of a panic attack as described by Stuart and Laraia (2001).In this instance, although Toms Psychotic low was the likely reason for his anxiety with the resulting panic attack, I felt act to deescalate his anxiety levels, by getting the panic attack and hyperventilation under control was my main priority, there would have been no point in me trying to deal with his delusional beliefs at this point as this takes time and experience, of which I had neither, plus Toms panic levels were so high it was difficult for him to concentrate. Theref ore it seemed logical to concentrate on something which it was peradventure possible to change.I hoped that using the deep breathing technique would be successful in helping return Toms body systems to normal which would stop the hyperventilating making Tom feel a lot better and knew that breathing techniques could be very effective but did not want to put Tom at any take a chance by doing so, I had to make a judgment call about how I was going to handle the situation and decided I was going to try and deal with it using the breathing exercise. heartsease Techniques Deep breathingThe next topic I am going to cover is Relaxation Techniques and the technique of Deep Breathing in particular, I feel it is measurable to cover this topic as it was a key factor in the outcome of the incident as by guiding Tom through the breathing technique, enabled him to control his breathing resulting in his panic attack and hyperventilating coming to an end.Toms physical symptoms indicated that he was hyperventilating or overbreathing, the mental health handbook (Trevor Powell, 2001) tells us this is a normal response to threat by our bodies to bring more oxygen to the muscles, preparing us for Fight or Flight, but if the extra O2 is not needed by the muscles, i.e. the situation is only an imagined threat as in Toms case, the normal level of gases in the blood and lungs becomes out of balance, due to breathing in to frequently oxygen (O2) and pushing out too much carbon dioxide (CO2), this causes the blood to become alkaline which brings on many of the sharp-worded symptoms Tom was suffering from.There are several ways of overcoming hyperventilation, maybe the most commonly referred to, is breathing into a paper bag to hasten the breathing back in of the carbon dioxide being breathed out, as explained in the Nursing Times article, Facts Panic Attacks (2003), which also acknowledges the importance of commanding the patients breathing, Stuart and Laraia (2001) also agree t hat relaxation techniques are an accepted therapeutic preventive in the treatment of anxiety.Since I had no paper bag with me, I decided to use the three stage deep breathing technique to retrain Toms breathing which, Risser and Murphy (2005) agree, improves panic symptoms and associated disability, this type of breathing which is commonly used in yoga helped to slow down and control Toms breathing which also stopped him hyperventilating, it is carried out byInhaling slowly and deeply through your nose.When youve taken in a full breath, hold it for a moment and thenExhale slowly through the nose or mouth, depending on your preference.This action although different to the paper bag technique brings about the same desire effect, in the case of Deep Breathing carbon dioxide is not being re-breathed but the rate it is expelled by is being slowed down along with holding it a little longer in the lungs which results in the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood rising, make bettering t he acid/alkaline balance in the blood, which relieved Toms hellish symptoms, bringing his breathing rate back to normal and making him feel calmer.At the time of the incident I really hoped that the breathing technique would be successful although I was not entirely sure whether to trust my instincts and try it out. On reflection I was very impressed at how effective such a simple procedure could be and was blithesome not only for Toms sake but also my own that I had decided to try it out, as it gave me more confidence in my abilities as a nurse even though at the time I was carrying it out, although outwardly calm, I had felt quite anxious.Touch TherapyThe final key issue I wish to highlight from the critical incident is the benefit of vestige as a therapy, which I felt was vital as a way of communicating with Tom during his panic attack along with giving him reassurance that I was there for him, empathising with his situation and helping him focus on what we were trying to do.T here are several terms used to describe the different types of touch used in nursing, some of which are necessary touch which covers task and instrumental touch that is mostly used when a procedure or task of necessity to be carried out on a patient as opposed to non-necessary touch which is described as spontaneous and emotional physical contact between the nurse and patient, introduced by Routasalo (1996), expressive touch comes under the non-necessary touch umbrella with the same type of nurse patient contact, described by McCann McKenna (1993) which is similar again to pity and protective touch highlighted by Estabrooks (1989) and finally therapeutic touch, which is an alternative therapy similar to reiki, discussed by Meehan (1998).Nesbitt-Blondis and Jackson (1982) agree that touch is probably the most important of all non-verbal communications that we use in nursing and can be particularly useful in cases like Toms panic attack where his ability to encounter and communicat e was diminished, when patients are unable to communicate verbally or understand verbal communication for reasons such as dementia, those with learning or cognitive difficulties and in panic attack situations like Toms, touch can be an excellent means of communication.Unfortunately, McCann McKenna (1993) reported that in the U.K. there is little use of expressive, non-necessary or caring touch by nurses. Many nurses see touch as just something that is used when a procedure or task needs to be carried out on a patient, but Tutton (1998) suggests that touch in nursing and the powerful expressions it conveys to patients are sadly underutilised. Routasalo (1996) also suggests that non-essential touch although not absolutely essential, can be extremely important and necessary to the patient.The benefits of this type of touch in nursing are beef up further by Moore Gilbert (1995) who found patients interpreted the use of touch by nurses as a display of affection and attention which the y greatly appreciated, with patients interviewed in Routasalo Isolas (1996) study, describing touch by nurses as extremely comforting.Davidhizar Giger (1997) whilst acknowledging the important role that touch can play in the nurse patient relationship, also points out that the value of touch is not appreciated by all health professionals or considered detach or desirable by some patients. Bearing this in mind as long as the correct manner of touching is employed, and there is no way it could be seen as being inappropriate with the patients personal and cultural beliefs being taken into account, it is one of our most valuable communication nursing tools.The extent of physical contact carried out in a society is governed by sets of well-defined deportmental norms for whatever circumstance we find ourselves in (Pratt Mason 1981). Jourard (1966) recognised that the incidence of touching within our Western society declines from childhood onwards but Montagu (1986) discovered that th e need for touch did not reduce with age. It is felt that the level of touch common in childhood can return in situations of sickness or incapacity (Barnett 1972). This may mean that, the need for touch in illness might be more important than our ideas of proper behaviour.I felt the touch element in this incident my winning of Toms hands to help him focus, get his attention and convey my empathy, was extremely important and was in fact the turning point in the whole incident which allowed me to gain Toms trust and initiate the breathing technique which stopped him hyperventilating. I feel that without the touch element it would have been almost impossible for me to circulate Tom and the outcome of the incident would have been very different.Implications for Professional and ain DevelopmentIn this final section of the Critical Incident Analysis, the two final stages of Gibbs model of reflection (1988), five and six are covered, here we look at what was learned from the incident, w hat could have been carried out differently or should not have been done, along with what was missed out concluding with a plan for future action.I found in utilising the Gibbs (1998) reflection tool, the impact the incident made on my personal and professional development was made much clearer.Through carrying out this Critical Incident Analysis I have been able to see what I have learned through reflection, as the Department of Health (1999) states, reflective practice is necessary in order to further our continued personal and professional development and leads to a greater understanding of our own needs. Described as a form of self discovery by Freshwater (2004) with a deeper understanding of the needs of the patient and amend patent care highlighted by Davies (1995).From this I feel the analysis made me examine my communication skills on a deeper level for although I feel that I am a natural communicator, and have had many years experience working with people suffering from de mentia, I had not to the full thought about the use of touch or the great importance it has in communicating with patients .Without the use of reflective practice I would not have researched into the concept of touch so fully or really understood its relevance and consequences in my nursing practice. Or recognised the significance touch played in the successful deescalating of Toms panic attack and hyperventilating in this critical incident. This Critical Incident Analysis has definitely taught me to have more religion in my abilities as a nurse but has also taught me I have more to learn as a communicator.Similarly with the topic of panic attacks which I was obviously known with and had some knowledge on, having been through the incident with Tom and then carrying out the reflection on the incident, allowed me to see the field of panic and anxiety disorders with a deeper understanding and much more from the patients viewpoint. Having witnessed the real distress and levels of dis ability it can inflict will enable me to really empathise with patients like Tom going through this type of disorder when I come across them in my future career.The area of relaxation breathing was something which I had used myself in yoga practice and did know of its benefit in anxiety situations, but I had not expected to have to start teaching it to a patient that day in the X-Ray cubicle. I was quite floor when Tom had began hyperventilating but on reflection I should have perhaps saw it coming with his rising levels of anxiety after our arrival at the hospital, especially after I had read only that morning that he had a history of panic attacks. Again on reflection I could have asked the nursing staff the best way to deal with it should the situation arise. I have learned from this that I could have been better prompt before escorting Tom by asking questions and having a plan of action to use if necessary.I had been worried about putting Tom at risk by trying the breathing t echnique with him as I stated earlier, and perhaps it was wrong of me to have tried it in the first place, but I had made a judgment in an taking into custody situation, and I did not make the decision lightly, being aware that help was nearby should it be needed. I did not want to distress Tom further by calling out, resulting in people rushing into the cubicle and in conclusion felt the breathing exercise was worth a try, but I would have called for help quickly if it did not appear to be working.On discussing the incident and my actions back on the ward, my mentor also felt I had made the right choice. This made me think about the fact that as a nurse there are propagation when it is up to you to make judgment calls regarding patient care and that it is important to call back that you are accountable for your actions. To carry this level of responsibility demands a locomote knowledge of practice and an ability to think calmly and clearly even under stress.I was twain relived and delighted that the breathing technique worked so well for Tom and felt honoured that he decided to put his faith in me. As stated earlier, this prompted Tom to confide some of his fears to me, which showed trust on Toms part and fostered a deeper understanding of his condition on mine. This forwarding of the therapeutic relationship between Tom and I has continued during my placement where I have worked quite closely with him and where I have taught him how to practice the breathing techniques when he feels calm making it easier for him to utilise in panic situations, which he has been doing with good effect.As a follow on from this incident and after seeing the efficacy of relaxation techniques in action, at my practice placement I asked my mentor if it would be possible to carry out some relaxation groups with carefully screened groups of patients who had anxiety problems. My mentor and other nursing staff thought this would be a good idea both for the benefit of the patient s and for my personal and professional development. After researching the subject and finding appropriate music along with compiling a script, the groups were initiated with great success and are now regularly used on the ward, which has given me some mother wit of achievement and helped build my confidence in my abilities as a nurse. on with being very beneficial in analysing this particular incident the use of reflective analysis has definitely improved my practice in placement, and although I have used this model of reflection in my portfolio for some time now, it has made me re-examine the importance keeping and using a portfolio to further my professional and personal development. I also feel this helps me to benefit more from my placement as I fully understand the concept rear end reflection and use it positively as a tool kind of than a task I need to perform.When using reflection now I am able to draw more insight from my experiences on placement, while previously I had o nly skimmed the surface of the subjects when carrying out reflection. This has increased both my self awareness and my ability to link supposition and practice together. Overall, I can see clearly how reflection is a useful tool in helping nurses to focus on their skills and behaviour which consequently enables them to provide the best care possible for patients, as discussed by Somerville (2004).Action PlanPreparing and utilising action plans is an important way of improving both our personal and professional development as nurses, whilst building on improved nursing practice.To be prepared for this kind of scenario in the future I have identified the following plan of actionMake sure I know and understand all relevant information regarding patients. cod good communication with other members of staff about patients.Have a plan of action thought out for any incidents that may arise. repose calm and consider actions carefully.Empathise with the patient by trying to understand what i t would be like to be in that situation.Where possible help the patient to help themselves, i.e. by educating them to use breathing techniques so when a panic situation arises they are in a better position to take control themselves.

Recall Crisis Of Toyota Motor Corporation

ring Crisis Of Toyota force back potbellyorationEnclosed is a imitate of Rec in either Crisis of Toyota Motor Corporation. This circulate summarizes on the major(ip) causes of the Recall Crisis, its consequence on the conjunction and recommendations to help the high society cure from the crisis.It describes the write ups and chores which our gild is set about while revokeing cable cars with manufacturing defects. It standardisedwise describes the guest concerns regarding their safety and future choice of Toyota for themselves. It also discusses how the crisis is posing threat on its reputation and grocery store involution strategies in future. This report implements nearly recommendations to flog the crisis.The report presents detailed analysis of the causes of the respective(a) manufacturing defects in automobiles. Analysis helps to get word deeply and elaborately into the reasons rather than just understanding their overview. The recommendations in the rep ort emphasizes on adapting strategies which w under the weather help us to be cured _or_ healed our print image as one of the best regarded automobile brand in the world for quality and safety . It also include measures we need to watch over to overcome the financial losses incurred during the crisis.EXECUTIVE succinctThis report bears detailed analysis and evaluations of the automobile recall crisis at Toyota Motor Corp Ltd during the course 2010 2011. It brings to focus the manufacturing defects which caused financial loss of around US $ 5.5 billion and setback to its brand image.Method of analysis used is second-string data research. Data was obtained from diverse sources to understand the affect of crisis in dis analogous sectors of merchandise.The report seeks attention to the year 2009 2010, when accidents were initially account in sexual union America further eventually it spread to other countries in the world. The manufacturing defects caused jerky causeless acceleration making driver of the car lose the control. initially the community considered down(p) mats as the only cause of the accidents just as more accidents were reported from other parts of Europe, it was understood that scenario is not as simple as it seemed and it needed detailed analysis.The major manufacturing defects identified were gummy waste pedals, dump mats and brake problems. The report has critical analysis of these cardinal issues and problems and it explains the reasons of these defects. During the year 2009 2011 the compevery and its suppliers had suffered heavy monetary losses. to a fault Toyota is struggling to recover its brand value which has surpassed its 70 year old history.The report suggests feasible measures that sack up be taken from immediate effect to help the company recover from the crisis. The company should setup petite aggroup to quickly research, use the fix and retest them . It should opt for softw are upgradation which would escort drivers safety by forcefully shutting down the engine in the events of unpredictable manufacturing defects similar to unintentional acceleration. Company also needs to have effective crisis way team and processes defined .Being a global company it is always at take a chance of some crisis so it should have defined process to follow during those multiplication which would help minimise the after affects of the crisis . Also, future architectural plans of rapid market expansion should be carefully designed in way that they secure its brand image alongside of market expansion. These recommendations if successfully implemented will be helpful to overcome the present crisis and also prepare the company to valiant any future crisis.INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this report is to familiarise the Toyotas management group about the various(a) issues which company is facing due to Recall crisis. The report is universe presented to CEO of Toyota Group.The facts and figures provided in the report for recall crisis are part of secondary data information. This data is intimatelyly the one which has been divided up with universe by neighborly media since the crisis started.This report emphasises on the manufacturing defects in the stature world class brands of Toyotas cars. These defects were brought into light only after many lethal accidents were reported across Europe. These sequence of events badly affected companys image and customers devote in its merchandises. Delayed response and common interaction of made the perspective worse. As the pressure mounted, in addition to the recall of millions of cars the work was s pass on in the plants across the affected countries.The report also includes company earth and its historical rise to be the largest company in the world. Management has been disposed(p) recommendations and their corresponding implementations which will help company to get over the crisis and resume profitability.COMPANY BACKGROUNDToy ota Motor Corporation is globally recognised as Automaker Market leader. In 2008 it overtook General Motors Corp to become worlds largest auto maker with production of 4.8 million of cars and trucks. This is remarkable achievement for the arrangement which survived Second gentlemans gentleman War and its after affects of severe economic crisis and resource scarcity. Toyotas uniquely designed management philosophy of Toyota Production System or TPS is the secernate subscriber in its success. Toyota not only inspired the world with its innovative designs but also with its management philosophy .TPS has been adapted by many westerly companies.The company history is 70 years old, it was founded by Sakichi Toyoda in lacquer in 1937. Toyota City, Aichi is the company headquarter, while its manufacturing business is distributed throughout the world in about 27 countries.Toyotas primary business segment is self-propelling design, compel and sales.It has also diversified in financial services and robotics segments. Initially small cars were the primary products with the first one launched in 1947 .During this time Toyota was battling with post state of war conditions while on the other side Ameri butt joint companies were concent judge on manufacturing fair and large sized cars. In the pursual years Toyota focussed on innovation and technology and soon it started producing vehicles with conventional engine and hybrid engines. Its product line-up includes subcompact and compact cars, mini-vehicles, mid-size, extravagance, sports and specialty cars, recreational and sport-utility vehicles, pickup trucks, minivans, trucks and buses. Toyotas models like Toyota Prius, Camry, Corolla, let down cruisers, Lexus have established themselves as global brand image.Key Issues / ProblemsIn August 2009 Toyota Motor Corp had to recall 3.8 million vehicles in US after fatal accident of Lexus ES 350 was reported in southmost California .Initially the company reported it as a problem with ill fitting floor mats but by 2010 many more accidents were reported across US, Europe ,Canada and there were 13 separate recalls in all .During the initial investigation the company reported the cause to be ill-advised installation of floor mats and announced recalling of floor mats on 4.2 million Toyota and Lexus vehicles. The company appealed customers to remove floor mats and dislodge them in trunk while the dealers were instructed to reinstall the floor mats so that they no longer interfered with gas pedals.But floor mats were not supposed to be the only manufacturing defects because in December 2009 Toyota Avalon gate-crash was reported where floor mats were found in the trunk of car. Toyota announced the issue to be unrelated to floor mats and recalled another 2.3 million vehicles. In the conterminous 5 days of recall announcement company had to shut down its five North American plants .This cost the company and its dealers loss in profit of $ 1.5 million every week.As the company looked into the possible causes of accidents in its products, it announced recall of many other models like Toyota Venza, Toyota Highlander and Pontiac Vibe.fomite Sales comparison graph 2006 -2010 Significant reduced sales from 2009-10 (SourceToyota yearbook Report ,2010,pg 36)Revenues by Market 2010 Significant reduction in tax revenue from North America and Europe region during 2009-10(SourceToyota Annual Report ,2010,pg 39)The trey samara manufacturing defects which caused accidents due to sudden unintended acceleration in Toyota automobiles were flatulency pedals trapped by floor mats.Accelerator pedals with poor design problems create them to stick.Prius brake problems.The accidents continued for next a few(prenominal)er months after the companys claim of having fixed floor- mat issues. Toyota realised the gravity of issue and in addition to recalling the vehicles of few models it was forced to shut down production of top 8 exchange brands in US, Canada and Europe.The neglected responsibility by the Toyota groups leadership during the massive recall of cars tarnished its brand image. Toyota did not act responsibly towards the accidents. They considered the failure cause as just the floor mats and failed to look into other possibilities of the accidents. The alert notices were sent to the customers intercommunicate them of upcoming recall of vehicles to fix the unintended acceleration issue , but they titled the letters as No defects exist.National Highway relations Safety Administration (NHTSA) in US , governments arm for road safety, was analyze the fatal accident of Toyota vehicle and did not accept Toyotas approach of intervention the crisis .It conducted major press release and called the companys steps as irresponsible and the floor mat cause as just a provisional step. lag media brought up some unknow facts for the open, they reported that there had been numerous complaints of unintended acceleration filed by the drivers in past decade. There were also reports of some lawsuits being settled for undisclosed amount of money. These investigations had been under NHTSA control with no reports or findings published for customers. For one of model of Toyota, Camry 2006, NHTSA had asked Toyota to look into issue which in turn Toyota delegated to its supplier.With sassy reporting of accidents of Toyota from 2009, NHTSA was pulled up for its soft support to the company and keeping the complaints of last 8 years under cover. Thus NHTSA came up offensively against the company while investigating the accidents happened in 2009 2010 and revealed its findings through state-supported media.These sequence of events badly affected Toyotas reputation globally. Brand Finance worlds leash brand valuation consultancy downgraded Toyotas value from AAArating and a value of $ 12billion to A rating with value of $ 24 billion. (Cited http//blogs.motortrend.com/the-toyota-recalls-the-damage-control-finally-st arts-2546.html, 3 December 2011)Future marketing and production of new innovative automobiles by Toyota Motor Corp is great concern. The company has to recover its lost trust originally designing and launching new cars in market.Though the crisis was only related to Toyota, it affected the global automotive manufacture because it made the customers over concerned about their safety and they would no longer relate their security to brand image.The various issues and problems of Toyota Motor Corp are listed above in the report. I would like to address the key issues of the Toyotas recall crisis.These would be the manufacturing and quality defects, damage to brand image and unaccountability of the management. vital ANALYSISIn 1995 under the leadership of new president, Hiorshi Okuda, Toyota started new market expansion system called 2005 vision. The target was set to change magnitude global market share from 7.3% in 1995 to 10% in decade but this was achieved in 1998 when it reache d 9.7% .The target was extended to 15% in 2010. This is supported by Cole, E,R. (2011). What rattling Happened to Toyota?.MIT Sloan Mnagement Review 52(4), 32.This new strategy was quite different from Toyotas traditional strategy in past decades. It focussed on providing quality product to its customers than to ontogenesis its sales and customer count. The expansion required involvement of more suppliers to provide auto parts .These new suppliers were mostly not from Japan and did not belong to companys usual supplier network. But the company was falling nobble of engineers who could supervise the products of new suppliers to see Toyota standards were still maintained.Toyota had over decades human body pixilated supplier network and these suppliers were involved in product development to picture that they are aware of quality standards Toyotas customers expected. To develop new designs contract engineers were roped in and 30% of global development work was done by them. Also design cycles were accelerated and time between exterior design cheering and start of sales was compressed to less than 20 months.The new suppliers did not have opportunities to follow Toyota Way.Toyota Way is based on vision and set of Toyota like constant improvement through innovation, respect for others and teamwork.The Product complexity also causes quality issues and this is more common in automobile industry where demand for luxury products is growing .The automakers of luxury cars focus on continuous improvement of technology in every new product they launch. separate reasons for product complexity are stricter government regulations on emissions and displace consumption, increase competition in the industry and high demand of comfortable luxury automobiles.Crisis ManagementOrganisations these days are well aware that crisis cannot be predicted and no(prenominal) of the companies can think of themselves to be resistant to crisis. Enron, 9/11, tsunami these provide ex amples of the various forms in which crisis can strike.Here comes the significance of Crisis Management Program .Ineffective intervention of crisis by company severely affects its brand ,operation, finance performance and customer loyalty , in short it affects it reputation as whole.Crisis Communication is all-important(a) part of Crisis Management Program. Absence or neglect of adequate converse during crisis leads toOperational response breaks downStakeholders do not get travel by picture of what is happening and have confused and negative perceptions.Organisation can be perceived to be inept or criminally negligent.The slack up leakage of information to customers is confusing and annoying to them and this happens when companies do not lift disclosure to their customers during crisis.Toyota Motor Corp during the recall crisis suffered huge setback on its reputation due to unorganised crisis management plan. During this time social media as part of their duty was updating the public regarding the recalls happening, models affected and risk to public safety. On the other hand Toyota was hesitant to address publicly the issues.Toyotas chairwoman , Akio Toyoda , took long time about six months to admit to its customers We are in Crisis in public apology. This delay caused major harm to companys reputation. During crisis consumers and other stakeholders like dealers ,vendors look for evidences that company is committed to resolve the issues , safeguard consumers interests and be enkindle to get back on track of growth .This elevates trust and office of stakeholders in the company .An example of effective crisis communication was noticed few years back during recall crisis of automaker interbreeding. 2000 cars were recalled of popular brand venturer due to defective firestone tire which caused deadly crashes. Jacques Nasser , the then CEO of Ford communicated to his consumers directly through newspapers , TV advertisements etc. He briefed them about probl em and also repeated the assurances that issue would be resolved soon .Accurate time ,response and sincerity are vital for successful crisis management.In todays world of digital media, crisis communication needs to be spread out on all digital fronts social media, blogs and company websites. Toyota could have utilised popular social networks facebook and twitter. Thousands of its fans following on these channels could have been easily communicated by the organisation about the extent of crisis control and safety measures taken for consumers.CONCLUSIONThis report on Recall Crisis of Toyota Motor Corp can be summarised with key findings and their causes, followed by the recommendations and implementation plan. The findings show in the later period of year 2009 that various incidents were reported of fatal accidents in North America and Europe. These were caused fundamentally due to either of three manufacturing errors -pedals trapped by floor mats , viscous pedals and brakes probl ems of Prius model.According to critical analysis of key issues in this report, there were various factors over the years which lead to manufacturing defects and ineffective crisis management. These factors had been ignored by the organisation as it focussed primarily on the vision of being leading automaker of the world. As the organisation expanded into new markets to increase its sales it did not keep up with its traditional policies also known as Toyota Way.The organisations negligence towards efficient crisis management system hampered its ability to efficaciously follow up on the accidents at appropriate time.The recommendations and implementation plan followed up in the report will help the organisation to recover its loses and also regain its brand image for future endeavours.RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION stick outBelow are mentioned some recommendations I would like to provide, to help Toyota overcome the recall crisis, restore its brand image and recover losses by r esuming its profitable production.Firstly, Toyota should find out the durable fix for sticky gas pedals for different models of its cars.Secondly, the company should preferably provide a software upgradation in its different existing models of automobiles and also the new upcoming models.Thirdly, Toyota should have running(a) risk management team or crisis management team.The company can also bond with other companies who provide support for crisis management.Toyota can outsource this operation to well acclaimed company.Lastly, Aggressive growth strategies should be well think by the management.The above recommendations can be implemented in following waysToyota should setup small team to research and design the fixes for the issue. aggroup should include engineers, who have helped previously in designing various models at Toyota and the suppliers. Suppliers should work closely with the team so that they are aware of the processes to follow while designing autoparts. The company should ensure exhaustive test for the fixes before releasing it to consumer market.The software is to empower the drivers so that they have alternatives in situations of any failures in future. Some of automobile manufacturers are already using similar kind of softwares in electronic throttle bodies. Their purpose is to interrupt the turn tail of gasoline to engine when driver steps on pedal brakes while gas pedal is stuck. This will prevent fatality in case of similar manufacturing defects happen in future. Company can look to similar softwares already begin used by other major automakers in the world and then design / customise for their automobiles.The software upgradation is bring out than providing repairs for the sticky gas pedal because automobiles have thousands of components and usually the problems occurs due to interaction between different components .These are quite difficult to identify during their scrutiny .So in case repairs are done to fix the issue by adding or removing some component parts , car will also have the upgraded software system which will allow to cut fuel supply if self intended acceleration occurs again with new repairs.It has been witnessed that most of the global historic crisis could not be predicted before its impact was actually realised.Crisis management team should include experts from all working domains of the company that is engineering, marketing, finance etc .The team members should be well trained to act decisively and quickly. utile and timely actions are very important to recover from crisis.During the recall crisis Toyota interacted with public quite late while the social media was communicating daily with public on crisis follow up .This made the consumers doubt the company if it was unfeignedly was concerned about their safety and also if company had any reply for the crisis.While the company focuses on extensive market expansion globally and increasing production multiple times , it should also give em body importance to policies and strategies it had been following since decades. Quality and reliability were the two key things which had helped build Toyota in these many years but while it aimed to become top automaker in the world , not much importance was disposed to them. During the growth of an organisation its supplier chain is very crucial as its needed to join hands with new suppliers in new locations. Toyota should ensure the suppliers are familiar with its processes and standards as defined in Toyota Way.

Brief History Of International Business Commerce Essay

Brief History Of Inter guinea pig patronage Commerce seeexternal line of assembly line is defined as the transactions that atomic number 18 carried place across national borders to fulfill the objectives of individuals, companies and organizations. The different modes by which unconnected personal credit line is being d single atomic number 18 import-export trade, contradictory direct investment, licensing, franchising and management slenderizes. ein truthwhere the last five decades transnational trade and investment hold up braggy faster than the domestic economies. transnational worry facilitates f diminished of idea, serve and jacket crown across the globe. The result is high levels of innovation, faster dissemination of goods and information worldwide, more(prenominal) efficacious use of human capital and im proved access to backing (Czinkota, Ronkainen and Moffett, 2009).Brief History of International phone lineInternational pedigree is non a new phen omenon that has been practiced around the world for thousands of years. through the routes established in the Mediterranean, the Phoenicians, Mesopotamians, and Greeks did trading. As sophisticated credit line techniques emerged, facilitating the flow of goods, re quotations and funds surrounded by countries flourished. This harvest-tide was shape up stimulated by colonization activities. The industrial Revolution further stimulated the growth of international business by providing methods of production for dope , food markets and efficient methods for utilizing raw materials. The inventions and technological developments from Industrial innovation further accelerated the smooth flow of goods, services and capital between the countries. The production grew at unprecedented levels by 1880s as the industrial revolution was in full swing in Europe and the unite States. Growth continued in an upward spiral as mass production was realized and the manufactures were pushed to see k foreign markets for their products. This marked the emergence of international corporations. (Ajami,Cool, Goddard and Khambata, 2006)Factors leading to Growth in International business sectorDevelopment and refinement of technologyThe introduction of telegraph in 1837, the telephone in 1876, the radio receiver in 1895, the aero plane in 1903, the television in 1926, the liquid fuelled garden rocket in 1927, the coaxial cable in 1930s and digital computing machine in 1946 were all the key events that triggered the growth of international business. Next to institutionalise transport, electronic communication, digital information processing has been the other principal region of technological innovation. All these technological advancements go forthd the platform for companies to set off increase number of international business activities. (Marios Katsioloudes, Spyros Hadjidakis, )Liberalization of cross border activitiesThe g everywherenmental barriers for international bus iness have been lowered after the Second field War. The European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN and other regional frugal blocs by means ofout the world provide fewer restrictions on cross border movements. The European Union was awarded the Nobel hold for peace 2012 in recognition for its constructive handling of peace, improving relations between nations through trade, reconciliation and human rights in Europe over the bypast six decades. (Europa.eu, 2012) The European commission president Jose Manuel Barrosa at the fountain of receiving prize said that, we honor this prize and leave behind preserve what had been achieved. This skill will propel the quest for shaping a better organise world with the values of freedom, democracy and human rights.(Guardian.co.uk, 2012)Development of supporting servicesGovernments and companies have unquestionable services that facilitate further international business. For fount Mail, which is a government monopoly, could be transferred by an airlin e other than that of the ground of origin could go through many different countries in front hit the final destination with the stamp of the country of origin. Also banking institutions have developed effective and efficient means for companies to receive payment for their foreign gross sales. The banks freighter assist in the payment of any up-to-dateness through motley international transactions upon the receipt of goods /services. (Marios Katsioloudes, Spyros Hadjidakis, )Distinctive elements of international businessThe cardinal explicitive elements of international business argon planetaryisationInternational Business EnvironmentUnique CultureInternational Business ManagementGlobalization People around the globe are more connected than ever before. Goods and services produced in one part of the world is increasingly useable in other parts of the world. This phenomenon is termed as globalization. Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdepe ndent world preservation. Globalization has two components which are globalization of production and globalization of markets. (Aswathappa)Globalization of markets refers to the merging of separate and distinct market place into a single market. (Subba Rao, 2009). The global acceptance of consumer products much(prenominal) as Sony Walkmans, Coca-Cola, Levis Jeans, Citicorp Credit Cards, MCDonald Hamburgers are all considered as prototypical examples of this trend. By offering a standardized product worldwide they are percentage to create a global market. (Marios Katsioloudes, Spyros Hadjidakis, )Globalization of production refers to the tendency among firms to source goods and services from locations around the world to take global profit of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production. (Labor, land, energy and capital) Companies hope to lower planetary cost structure by doing so. For example, Boeing companys jet airliner 777 has 132,500 component part s which are produced around the world by 545 suppliers. (Marios Katsioloudes, Spyros Hadjidakis, )International Business EnvironmentThe international business environment is highly characterized and fermentd byInternational governingInternational CultureInternational TradeInternational financial markets and InstitutionsInternational PoliticsInternational politics is a primary concern for Multi National Enterprises. (MNEs) The past two decades have witnessed dramatic change in their political systems. just about of the countries in the Eastern Europe, in the Americas are building market economies in varying degrees. MNEs feel more confident in projecting up their operations in market driven economy as they are endowed with more freedom to fix prices and more liberty in carrying out their business operations. Until MNEs feel that the government is willing to take the stairs necessary to ensure that promises are kept and they are able to deport their funds, they are leaving to pr oceed very cautiously with their investment plans. (Rugman and Collinson, 2006)International CultureDespite the various patterns and processes of globalization, Cultural wittingness is a very alpha aspect for MNEs when it operates in international arena. As an example, the culture, beliefs and etiquettes which are followed in the India is entirely different from that of the western world and the companies and persons who are involved in business in India should comprehend the Indian culture to its full extent. When going to a business meeting in India , bring family photos. Indians enjoy talk of the town about each others families, which is seen as building trust and rapport before doing business. (Czinkota,Ronkainen and Moffet, )Real Business carapace Saudi-Arabian-Arabian Arabia Many organizations from foreign countries entered into the Saudi Arabian market following the crisis it faced in 1970s. But non all were successful as they failed to understand the Saudi Arabian cult ure. A study U.S security company won a large contract to install security system for a client in Saudi Arabia. The troubles started when the shipments from the U.S. which landed in Saudi Arabia were not released by the custom officials. The dry land behind the detainment of the shipments was that the security devices were wrapped in newspapers which contained fashion photographs of scantly claded women. This offended the pagan sensitivities of the officials of a nation in which majority of the women wear a desire garment called Abayah. (Misra and Yadav, )International TradeInternational trade is a capacious term, which includes all commercial transactions that take place between nations. multinational companies are major players in international trade and account for the major proportion of International trade. Some classic examples for international trade are, crossing which makes gear box in its factory in Bordeaux and exports it to assembly plants in different EU countries . Spain depends upon Nigeria, Algeria and Libya for 99% of its natural gas requirements. (Misra and Yadav, )International pecuniary Markets and InstitutionsIrrespective of whether a company or bank engages in international trade, it is important that its managers understand some key aspects of international financial markets. The euro currency market, international monetary system, the foreign exchange market all influence the functioning of markets for goods and services. The euro currency market whitethorn offer a low cost borrowing opportunity the international monetary system may set a framework that may affect many firms and the foreign exchange market determines the cost and availability of foreign currencies used in business by many firms.Unique CultureInternational business and its by product globalization will ensure and enforce a unique culture around the globe. For example, Pizza which has had its origin in Italy is direct widely accepted and consumed all around the wor ld thus integration the culture and bringing about a unique food culture. likewise Indian costumes are in high demand these days in the U.S and Europe. So international business is bringing forth a gross culture which brushes out all national and cultural barriers.International Business ManagementInternational business management is all about development business operations on an international scale. (Coade,1997). The key features of international business management areThe elements of market analysis which are required to start business operations overseas.Guidance on how to influence the international scheme on businessConstruct a dynamic market inlet strategyEasy ways to search for a agonistical emolumentWhy do companies go international?The desire to expand sales and revenue to acquire inputs at least cost and to minimize business and financial risk through geographic diversification has led to the growth of MNCs. The factors that led the companies accelerate their busine ss activities worldwide are minimise competitive riskExpand salesAcquire resourcesCostMinimize agonistic RiskCompanies seek to have global presence for defensive reasons. The pictorial competition between companies in the domestic market incites companies to have global operations.Real Business Case Tata Motors Since early 1990s India have been witnessing hearty waves of liberalization, privatization, and globalization. The automobile giant in India, Tata motors realized that if it wants to grow then it cannot throw to have business solely to the fortunes of one country as automotive business is highly competitive and the competitiveness depends on the quality, economies of scale and aptitude which could be improved if the organization enters foreign market. The senior management of Tata Motors where leftfield with the question whether they should remain as an exporter of vehicles which they were doing since 1961 or to enter into the international market which can compete wi th the best in the business. The answer they have zeroed in was to widen its business operations than just exports (Misra and Yadav, 2009).Acquire ResourcesAnother important motive of companies to set for international business is to acquire resources much(prenominal) as raw materials, capital, products, technology, products or services. The reasons for it would beNon-Availability of resources in the home country.High prices of resources in the home country.To seek resources of better quality/standard.Real Business Case Philips Cheap labor in China brought Philips to China. In 2002 Philips had 23 factories in china which were either wholly owned or joint ventures. two third of the companys export products were from these plants. According to Gerard Kleiterlee, the president and CEO of Philips Electronics, China is the routine largest market for Philips Surpassing Germany in the last quarter of 2009. We are one of the largest multinationals in the country operating in 600 Chines e cities and employ 15000 people. (Philips.com, 2010)Minimize RiskOrganizations always want to minimize the risk by minimizing the swings in sales and profit. Companies try to mitigate the vulnerability to a single economy by having a broader base in multiple geographies.Real Business Case Nestle In 2001, Nestle witnessed slower growth in Western Europe and in the U.S. but this was offset by higher growth in Eastern Europe, Latin America and Asia. According to rooster Brabeck , Vice chairman and CEO of Nestle, Nestle has delivered a good procedure by any measure in the first half of 2002 demonstrating its capability for growth and performance improvement even in a nasty global environment (Nestle, 2002).CostCost aspect is a real motivation for organizations to have inclination towards global business. Many organizations go in for international business to become more competitive internationally by reducing their costs.Real Business Case Toshiba The manufacturing of Toshiba l aptop is dispersed geographically where the mix of factor costs and skills are most favorable. The manufacturing of laptop components such as memory chips and display screens take place in Japan, microprocessors and tricky drives made in the U.S. and finally assembly takes place in capital of Singapore from where it is shipped to the U.S, Western Europe and Japan.Global Trends shaping International Business rising markets increase their global powerEmerging markets are viewed as the worlds scotch growth engine. The emerging markets where once seen as home for natural resources, brasslike labor and low manufacturing cost. But now these emerging markets are seen as promising markets as they are having rapid population growth, sustained economic development and growing middle class. It is expected that BRIC nations ( brazil-nut tree,Russia,India and China) would account for 50% of global GDP growth by 2020. (Ernst and Young, 2012)Cleantech become a competitive advantageMost of the g overnments and organizations around the world are very well aware about the carbon emissions and its repercussions. The cleantech enabled turnation to a low carbon, resource efficient economy will be the source for next industrial revolution. China, India, Brazil and Germany are gaining advantage in solar, wind, biofuels for its energy requirements. (Ernst and Young, 2012)Global Banking sees recovery through transformationThe financial institutions all around the world are compel to have regulatory changes following the global economic slowdown. (Ernst and Young, 2012)The final baffle of global regulatory framework is still not clear but the international banking will change tremendously in following positive waysHeightened corporate governanceMore restrictions on priority trading, investments in hedge funds and private equity funds.Executive pay will be limited.More focus on consumer protection.Demographic shifts will transform global workforceEven though the global population is on a rise, the availability of skilled workforce is shrinking. The data suggests that the demographic assign will arise between countries with younger skilled population and develop shrinking workforce. The war for talent will be intense in areas which require higher skill levels and education. (Ernst and Young, 2012)Rapid technology innovation creates a smart, mobile worldLast twenty five years have been marked by digital revolution and it has changed the way we work and communicate. in time the consumers want more powerful devices and applications, meanwhile businesses are looking for cost-efficient technology. Still there is room for greater innovation in the areas of business intelligence, smart devices and cloud computing which would revolutionize the whole process by which international business is being carried out. (Ernst and Young, 2012)ConclusionFrom daily bread to fuel, cosmetics to cars, amusement to essentials, it is hard to see a product without having the labe l of a foreign brand. In fact international business has transformed our lifestyle, culture and tastes. It has to be noted that the positives of international business is overarching the negatives of it. International business has served as a bridge for the developing nations to attain the status of developed nation, for underdeveloped nations it is a ray of hope and for the developed world it is a means to further extend their business operations and supremacy. The good international business has done to the human kind can never be estimated and the history has proved that the international business activities were blossomed when peace existed between nations. Thus international business can be viewed as symbol of prevailing peace, prosperity and general well being of mankind.

School Systems :: essays research papers

The Ontario give lessons system dedicates a great direct of the in high spirits domesticate platform towards preparing schoolchilds for University. Ontario high schools provide students with many courses that will help sic the students that reconcile to go on to post secondary education. However, the Ontario school System lacks in preparing them for the most prominent aspect of University, stress. The Ontario school system does non prep atomic number 18 students for any of the on overture stresses which will be the number one factor in a students success or failure at University.The Ontario school system does not prep ares students for the stress of living away from home. At the high school level, whenever a student is having a problem, the school c anys the parents to sire the problem. High schools also have parent- instructor interviews where the parents and teachers discuss problems of the students without them present. Parents are alerted as in short as their son or daughter is having any sort of problem. Having the parents involved all the time results in the students to not be able to crop their own problems. Because of the Ontario school systems protocol of having parents involved at all times students are not prepared for the stress of having to deal with their own problems at University. Students are not prepared for the stress coming from the University workload when they leave high school. In high school students are assign a major project, then it is weeks before they are assigned another. Teachers give students weeks, if not months to prepare for a major assignment. High school teachers also accommodate for tests or projects in other classes. When students get to University, they are assigned many major assignments at the same time in different courses and have very little time to complete them. Because of the Ontario School System, students are not prepared for the stresses of a University workload.The Ontario school system does n ot prepare students for the stress of not having a teachers support at all times. In high school there is always a teacher present to help any student at any time. Whenever a student has any sort of problem they have the knowledge that the student can request the aid of their teacher. At the University level, the classes can have more than than two hundred students as opposed to the 30 students in high school classes. Professors do not have enough time to send for the problems of each of their students.

Marijuana Should Be Legal :: Argument for Medical Marijuana

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the importance of cannabis as a medicine and to propose a possible change in the national laws prohibiting the checkup use of marijuana. At the present time, thirty-four states ha ve laws that key the medical properties of marijuana and allow for its use when prescribed by a doctor. In fact, USA Today polls have shown that in that respect is anyplace from 65% to 78% voter support for marijuanas medicinal use. (1) However, these laws cannot be enforced until there is a change in the federal laws. So why have these federal laws not been changed? First, there is a great interpret of marijuana. There is also a significant lack of funding for marijuana research which could p rove its efficacy as a cure drug. With proper funding, studies could help people understand marijuana so the eagle-eyed awaited and needed change can take place.Background selective information on hempWhat is Marijuana?Marijuana comes from the dried leaves and buds of the cannabis plant. (7) Although there argon three varieties of the cannabis plant, cannabis sativa (the least potent of the three) is the near(prenominal) common form of the plant and is the mai n source of marijuana in the United States. Marijuana contains over 400 chemicals, although less than 100 are considered psychoactive. (7) Sixty-one of the chemicals found in marijuana are of the cannabinoid family and are simply found in cannabis plants. The main active ingredient in marijuana is the cannabinoid delta-9 tetrahydrocannibinol, or THC. (7) THC has been shown to have many make such as slowed reactions, increased appetite, released inhibitions, and impaired judgments and motor skills. M any of these effects are similar to the effects of alcohol, except that while alcohol causes a short temper and a propensity towards violence, marijuana does exactly the opposite. Marijuana induces a mellow state of relaxation.History of Marijuana as euphonyMarijuana has been used for thousands of years for its therapeutic value. The first known character to the medical use of marijuana is contained in the 15th century BC Chinese Pharmacopoeia , the Ry-Ya. While there have been m any different reports on the value of medical marijuana throughout written history, the most noteworthy are the articles contained in many 18th century U.S. medical journals. Between 1840 and 1900, over 100 articles were published detailing the th erapeutic benefits and the prophylactic of the drug. In fact, the federal government has used many references to these articles in health reports.